Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

A STATISTICAL AND PSYCHOBIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF ABDULLA ORIPOV’S POETIC THOUGHT

2026-06-11T09:09:03+00:00

The article examines Abdulla Oripov’s poetic thinking through statistical and psychobiographical analysis. It analyzes the transformation of the concept of beauty in the poet’s artistic consciousness from a purely aesthetic category into a moral and spiritual one. The study also divides the poet’s creative development into six stages (1958–2016) and explores the psychological and artistic transformations, contradictions, and dominant motifs characteristic of each period. Biographical events such as the death of the poet’s mother, national independence, political pressures, envy, and slander are shown to have significantly influenced the psychological dramatism of his lyrical works. Through statistical analysis, the frequency of key lexemes such as “mother,” “life,” “beauty,” “envy,” and “devil/Satan” was identified, revealing the poet’s system of values and worldview. The article demonstrates the theoretical and practical significance of a psychobiographical interpretation of Abdulla Oripov’s literary heritage.

ADVANTAGES AND RELIABILITY OF USING INTERNET NETWORKS IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION FOR STUDENT GYMNASTS

2026-06-12T11:49:49+00:00

The article describes the study of the advantages of using Internet networks in the process of self-learning of students of the 51/21- (control) and 52/21- (experimental) groups of the Uzbekistan State University of Physical Education and Sport "Gymnastics" specialty "Sports Gymnastics", as well as the impact of this process on the student's knowledge level. The results of the pedagogical experiment, the main statistical characteristics of the data recorded on the indicators learned during the experiment of both groups of students, the absolute and relative increases in their arithmetic mean values during the experiment, the results of assessing the statistical reliability of these absolute increases, and their discussion are presented.

NATIONAL GAMES OF THE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA: CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ETHNIC IDENTITY

2026-06-13T10:42:42+00:00

Among the peoples of Central Asia, a wide variety of similar traditional folk games are observed, which has been reflected in the scholarly views of numerous researchers. The traditional games of each nation possess distinctive features as well as common similarities. In particular, the principles of horse selection, the content of the game, and its representation in historical sources vary among different peoples. The Uzbek people also have numerous horse-related traditional games, including Kupkari-Uloq, Qiz Quvmoq, Horseback Swordsmanship, Oltin Qoboq, and Chavgon. Among these, Kupkari-Uloq continues to occupy a special place as one of the largest and most widespread ethnosport disciplines. In Central Asia, Uloq-Kupkari as an ethnosport has been the subject of numerous scientific studies and is regarded as one of the most extensively researched topics in the history of physical education and sport. Based on written sources and previous scholarly studies, this article analyzes the characteristics and historical stages of development of the Uloq-Kupkari game among the Uzbek people.

SYMBOLISM IN THE IMAGES OF ALISHER NAVOY'S LYRICS

2026-06-14T11:50:22+00:00

This article discusses the image of the dog used in the lyrics of Alisher Navoi. The poet's attitude to the use of this image and the variety of meanings expressed through this image are analyzed. In this case, the main source of the study was the college "Khazain ul Maoniy". Due to this, an attempt was made to separately interpret the artist's aesthetic ideal and the meanings of the image he managed to create.

Being a means of reflecting the creative ideal of the dog image, it contains various contents. It is manifested in the poet's expression in different colors. The review of this landscape reflects the diversity of meanings in this article from different aspects.

This image is significant because it reflects different meanings of the poet's anti-ideal. In this case, the diverse content loaded on one image is bound to cause the reader to enjoy it. The current content reflected in this article is a factor that indicates its value.

ONOMASTIC NEOLOGIZATION AS A MECHANISM OF FICTIONAL UNIVERSE CONSTRUCTION IN FANTASY LITERATURE

2026-06-11T08:11:34+00:00

This article explores the role of onomastic neologization in the construction of fictional universes in fantasy literature. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that fantasy discourse is characterized by an exceptionally high concentration of invented proper names which serve not only as nominative units, but also as structural, semantic and aesthetic elements of world-building. The article focuses on authorial onomastic formations that organize the fictional space of fantasy texts, define the hierarchy of characters and places, and encode cultural, mythological and ideological meanings. The study proceeds from the theoretical principles of literary onomastics, according to which proper names in a literary text form an organized onomastic field and function as significant components of the author’s individual style. Special attention is given to the interaction between real names, semi-real names and fully invented names, as well as to the transformation of appellatives into proper names within the artistic system of fantasy.

The analysis shows that onomastic neologisms in fantasy literature are formed through several productive mechanisms: morphological derivation, phonetic stylization, semantic reinterpretation, contamination, transonymization, allusion and intertextual transformation. These mechanisms allow authors to create names that simultaneously identify fictional objects, characterize their bearers, mark ethnic or cultural belonging, evoke mythological associations and support the illusion of the autonomy and reality of the imagined world. The article argues that anthroponyms and toponyms occupy a central position in the fantasy onomasticon, while mythonyms, zoonyms, ideonyms and institutional names expand the semantic boundaries of the fictional universe. The findings demonstrate that onomastic neologization is not a peripheral stylistic device, but a core semiotic mechanism through which fantasy literature constructs narrative space, cultural memory and the reader’s interpretive experience.

DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MOTOR ACTIVITY OF FEMALE STUDENTS BASED ON MODERN INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGIES

2026-06-12T09:32:20+00:00

This article analyzes the role of innovative pedagogical technologies in increasing the interest of female students in physical education lessons. In particular, the issues of increasing lesson effectiveness through the integration of modern information and communication tools, mobile applications and video analysis elements into the physical education process are highlighted. The study involved 120 female students, and the results showed higher indicators in the experimental group compared to the control group.

THE STUDY OF PROTOTYPICAL FEATURES OF ADJECTIVES

2026-06-13T07:34:20+00:00

This article analyzes the prototypical features of adjectives from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. The study examines the central and peripheral characteristics of adjectives, as well as their semantic, grammatical, and functional features. Adjectives appear in language as important lexical-grammatical units that express the qualities, states, colors, quantities, evaluations, and properties of objects and phenomena. Based on prototype theory, the article emphasizes that not all members of the adjective category belong to this category to the same degree. Some adjectives function as central or typical members of the category, while others acquire peripheral or borderline characteristics. In the research process, the gradability of adjectives, their use in attributive and predicative functions, their semantic groups, and their activity in context are analyzed. Using examples from the English language, the prototypical features of adjectives are revealed through such characteristics as “gradable”, “descriptive”, “attributive”, “predicative”, and “semantically independent”. In addition, the borderline cases between adjectives and nouns, adverbs, and participles are also discussed. The results of the article show the necessity of studying adjectives not only from the traditional grammatical approach but also from cognitive and functional perspectives. The study contributes to understanding parts of speech in linguistics not as fixed categories, but as graded and prototypical categories. This approach makes it possible to understand more deeply how adjectives appear at different levels in terms of meaning, form, and function.

MODERN METHODS FOR DEVELOPING PHYSICAL QUALITIES IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

2026-06-14T04:26:28+00:00

This article analyzes modern methods for developing the physical qualities of volleyball players - strength, agility, endurance, speed, and flexibility. The study examined the effectiveness of innovative approaches aimed at improving the physical fitness of athletes, including functional exercises, interval training, pliometric exercises, and training organized on the basis of an individual approach. The interconnection of physical qualities in ensuring the rapid and precise execution of movements characteristic of volleyball game activities has also been scientifically substantiated. Research results show that the comprehensive use of modern methods significantly enhances the general and special physical fitness of athletes and improves game efficiency.

TECHNOLOGY FOR INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITIES BY ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF ATTACK AND DEFENSE OF FREESTYLE WRESTLERS

2026-06-14T12:37:20+00:00

This article analyzes the offensive and defensive actions of qualified freestyle wrestlers in international and republican competitions. In the course of the research, the technical and tactical indicators of athletes in their competitive activities, the initiative of attack, the stability of defense, and the effectiveness of counterattacks were studied. Also, the effectiveness of offensive and defensive actions during the competition, their impact on the results of the competition, and the overall effectiveness of the athletes' competitive activities were determined.

WAYS OF USING SPECIAL EXERCISES FOR RAPIDLY TEACHING VOLLEYBALL TECHNIQUES TO SCHOOL STUDENTS

2026-06-11T08:46:40+00:00

This article examines effective ways of using special exercises for rapidly teaching volleyball techniques to school students. The study focuses on improving students’ technical skills through specially selected exercises aimed at developing coordination, agility, speed, and accuracy during volleyball lessons. The research highlights the importance of using simplified and game-oriented exercises in the initial stage of training, which helps students quickly master basic volleyball techniques such as serving, passing, setting, and attacking.

THE ISSUE OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND STATUS IN THE VIEW OF THE JADIDS AND TRADITIONALISTS

2026-06-12T11:25:03+00:00

This article examines the interpretation of the status and rights of women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the perspectives of the Jadids and traditionalists (Qadimists). The Jadid enlighteners highlighted women's literacy and rights as a crucial catalyst for societal progress. Through the analysis of Ismail Gasprinsky’s works and views, the ideas of women's emancipation are scrutinized, demonstrating how the issue of gender equality is reflected in his novels The Muslims of Dar al-Rahat and The Land of Women. Furthermore, the perspectives on women held by key thinkers such as Fitrat, Hamza, and Avloni are elucidated. Conversely, the article underscores that the traditionalists advocated for the preservation of conventional dogmas. It reveals that the discourse surrounding the hijab (Islamic veil) and paranja (the traditional Central Asian full-body veil) stood at the core of the social debates of that era. The analysis extends to the fierce polemics carried out in the contemporary press and periodicals regarding this matter. Finally, the study outlines the implementation of women's liberation policies through the "Hujum" (Assault) campaign and concludes with a scientifically grounded evaluation of the socio-cultural consequences of these historical processes.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPING CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND VIOLENCE REDUCTION COMPETENCIES IN FUTURE EDUCATORS

2026-06-13T10:35:00+00:00

This article is dedicated to researching the theoretical foundations of developing conflict management and violence reduction competencies in future educators within the educational environment. In the modern education system, the teacher's role involves not only imparting knowledge but also creating a healthy psychological atmosphere. The article theoretically analyzes the causes of pedagogical conflicts and their dynamics. Issues regarding the development of stress resistance and emotional intelligence in future specialists are examined. Throughout the study, methods for constructive conflict resolution and strategies for preventing bullying (violence) are considered. The necessity of forming a conflictological culture as an integral part of pedagogical mastery is substantiated. Furthermore, methodological recommendations aimed at improving students' communicative abilities are put forward. The article concludes with insights on the role of these competencies in enhancing the quality of pedagogical education.

COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF POLYPHENOLIC AND MINERAL COMPOUNDS IN POMEGRANATE (PUNICA GRANATUM L.) PEEL EXTRACT

2026-06-14T11:28:37+00:00

Pomegranate peel, a by-product of juice production, contains bioactive compounds with significant nutritional and therapeutic properties.

This study aimed to isolate and characterize polyphenolic compounds from Punica granatum L. peel and to evaluate their nutritional, functional, and mineral composition [1-2].

Extraction was performed using distilled water at 60 °C, followed by precipitation with gelatin. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were used for compound identification [3-5].

The tannin content in pomegranate peel was 77.8%, with rutin, isorhamnetin, gallic acid, and hyperoside being the main flavonoids identified. Mineral analysis revealed the presence of Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Al in the tannin powder [6-9].

Pomegranate peel extract demonstrated high polyphenolic content with potential applications as functional food ingredients and nutraceuticals[10-12].

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR SELECTING TALENTED CHILDREN FOR FOOTBALL

2026-06-11T09:40:26+00:00

This article presents a three-stage, multi-domain talent selection methodology specifically designed for identifying and developing gifted children for football. The study was conducted between 2022 and 2024 and involved 120 children aged 7-14 years attending junior football academies in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Five interconnected selection domains were defined -physical fitness, technical skills, tactical intelligence, psychological readiness, and anthropometric indicators -and age-differentiated normative standards were established for each. Physical readiness was assessed through standardised sport-pedagogical testing protocols; technical skills were evaluated using high-speed video analysis at up to 240 frames per second; tactical decision-making was measured via simulation-based chronometric testing, with a threshold of 2.0 seconds established for the 13-14 age group (r=0.74, p < 0.01 correlation with match performance); and psychological readiness was examined using the SAQ questionnaire and Spielberger-Hanin anxiety scales. Implementation of the three-stage methodology yielded a statistically significant 22.6% improvement in the overall selection accuracy of the experimental group compared to controls (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate that an integrated, scientifically grounded selection system substantially enhances talent identification outcomes and provides coaches and sports organisations with actionable, evidence-based tools.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GAME-BASED APPROACHES IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO YOUNG LEARNERS

2026-06-13T06:17:29+00:00

This article analyzes the effectiveness of Game-Based Learning (GBL) in teaching English to young learners. Considering the psychological and cognitive characteristics of children, the study theoretically and practically explores how games overcome barriers in the language learning process. The research incorporates theories by L. Vygotsky and C. Read, alongside contemporary data from 2025. The article highlights the author's practical experience using the "Music Ball" game with 4th-grade students.

GLOBALIZATION, GREEN ECONOMY, AND PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH COMPETENCE: CHALLENGES AND EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

2026-06-14T04:15:32+00:00

The twenty-first century has brought profound transformations in economic, technological, educational, and environmental spheres. Globalization has significantly intensified international cooperation, digital communication, and labor mobility, creating new professional requirements for specialists across various disciplines. At the same time, the transition toward a green economy has become one of the most significant global priorities, emphasizing sustainable development, environmental responsibility, and innovative economic strategies. Under these conditions, professional English competence has emerged as a fundamental skill for specialists seeking active participation in international academic, business, and environmental initiatives. This study examines the interrelationship between globalization, green economic development, and the growing importance of professional English language competence. The research analyzes the role of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in preparing specialists for modern labor market demands, particularly in fields related to economics, sustainability, and international collaboration. The article applies a qualitative analytical methodology based on literature review and comparative analysis of educational trends. The findings demonstrate that professional English proficiency significantly enhances employability, international communication, access to scientific resources, and professional competitiveness. The study concludes that integrating professionally oriented English instruction into higher education curricula is essential for preparing future specialists capable of addressing twenty-first-century global challenges.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF LIGHT INDUSTRY TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH, UZBEK, AND KARAKALPAK

2026-06-14T12:20:08+00:00

This study explores the lexical and semantic features of light industry and textile terminology in English, Uzbek, and Karakalpak. It examines the processes of translation, adaptation, and classification of terms into key semantic groups. The research highlights the influence of technological development and language contact, particularly the role of Russian borrowings, in shaping terminological systems. A comparative analysis reveals both language-specific characteristics and a tendency toward convergence across the three languages. The findings emphasize the importance of accurate terminology usage for effective professional communication, translation, and standardization in the light industry sector.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF MYTHOLOGICAL THINKING IN MODERN LITERATURE

2026-06-11T08:39:06+00:00

This article examines the role of mythopoetic thinking in twentieth-century world literature, particularly in the works of James Joyce and John Steinbeck. The study analyzes the relationship between myth and the novel, the transformation of artistic consciousness, and the evolution of modern literary interpretation. Special attention is given to the philosophical and psychological dimensions of literary texts, the dynamics of internal plot movement, and the influence of Western literary traditions on modern Uzbek prose. The article also highlights the emergence of mythological novels and novellas in contemporary Uzbek literature.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SWIMMING LESSONS IN IMPROVING STUDENTS' HEALTH

2026-06-12T11:05:18+00:00

The article presents theoretical and practical material on teaching swimming to students in physical culture lessons. When mastering the breathing skill in an unfamiliar environment for initial swimming training, it is recommended to devote up to 40% of the training time to breathing exercises.

METHOD OF INCREASING THE INDICATORS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND COORDINATION ABILITY OF WRESTLERS

2026-06-13T10:27:49+00:00

This article develops a special methodology aimed at increasing the indicators of physical training and coordination ability of young wrestlers aged 10–12 years, and its effectiveness is analyzed scientifically and practically. During the study, the physical development, movement qualities (strength, speed, endurance, agility and coordination) of athletes of this age group were assessed using preliminary tests. Then, an 8-week special training program was introduced to the experimental group, and the results were compared with the indicators of the control group. At the end of the experiment, wrestlers from the experimental group showed a significantly higher increase in physical training tests compared to the control group (for example, 8–10% improvement in speed and agility tests, p<0.05). It was found that this method effectively develops the general physical fitness and coordination skills of 10–12-year-old wrestlers, creating a basis for them to achieve high results in the future.

STRUCTURE AND FEATURES OF THE MANIFESTATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENDURANCE IN WATER POLO PLAYERS AT THE STAGE OF ADVANCED SPECIALIZATION DURING THE PREPARATORY AND COMPETITIVE PERIODS

2026-06-14T11:19:36+00:00

The article examines the structure of endurance in water polo players at the stage of advanced specialization and identifies the specific features of the manifestation of its main types during the preparatory and competitive periods of the annual training cycle. The paper reveals the essential characteristics of general, special, aerobic, anaerobic, speed, and technical-tactical endurance, and analyzes their functions, interrelationships, and features of manifestation under training loads and competitive conditions.

TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING TACTICAL COOPERATION AND COMMUNICATIVE COORDINATION IN COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY OF QUALIFIED HANDBALL PLAYERS

2026-06-21T01:00:05+00:00

This study describes a methodology aimed at improving tactical cooperation and communicative coordination among handball players. The research analyzes athletes’ level of communication with teammates, passing accuracy, effectiveness of team actions in attack and defense, ability to make quick decisions, and the number of misunderstandings during the game. The training process included pair and trio exercises, small-sided games, modeling of tactical situations, defensive switching, signal-based attacks, and video analysis. The results showed that the special exercise program helps improve communication, tactical thinking, coordinated team actions, and the overall effectiveness of competitive performance in handball players.

THE ROLE OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES IN PERFORMING THE TECHNIQUES OF LIFTING AND THROWING THE OPPONENT IN BELT WRESTLING

2026-06-11T09:21:47+00:00

The article reveals, based on research, the role of physical qualities and their importance in increasing the volume and intensity of technical techniques for lifting and throwing the opponent among skilled belt wrestlers. In particular, it has been confirmed through examples of wrestlers with poorly and well-developed levels of these qualities that there is an inherent interrelationship between qualities such as speed, agility, strength, and endurance in enhancing the effectiveness of lifting and throwing techniques, including the side lift method and the knee-assisted lifting and throwing method.

EFFECTIVENESS OF USING THE “KIDS ATHLETICS” CHILDREN'S ATHLETICS PROGRAM IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS

2026-06-13T06:08:01+00:00

The article discusses the implementation of the tasks specified in the Program of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the Development of School Sports, with a personal component for the development of talent analysis of junior schoolchildren, anthropometric data, which are indicators of health, as well as specific features in the process of change, harmonious processes, changes, etc.

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LEARNING PROCESS

2026-06-14T04:02:41+00:00

This article analyzes the role and significance of information technologies in the development of emotional intelligence during the educational process. It highlights how the use of digital platforms, artificial intelligence, multimedia tools, and interactive technologies in education can help learners recognize and regulate their emotions, develop empathy, and establish effective communication. The article also examines the impact of information technologies on the key components of emotional intelligence and provides practical recommendations for their enhancement.

Furthermore, the study presents a comprehensive overview of the role of information technologies in fostering emotional intelligence in educational settings. The main components of emotional intelligence—self-awareness, emotional regulation, empathy, motivation, and social skills—are analyzed in close connection with the modern digital learning environment. The article also discusses the psychological challenges that may arise when emotional intelligence is insufficiently developed, including stress, emotional tension, communication difficulties, and barriers to academic performance.

In addition, the paper describes digital pedagogical technologies, interactive training methods, and reflective practices that contribute to the development of emotional intelligence. Effective approaches aimed at improving teachers’ emotional competencies are also presented, emphasizing their importance in creating a supportive and emotionally responsive educational environment.

EASTERN MOTIFS IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE PUSHKIN ERA

2026-06-14T12:08:25+00:00

The article examines Eastern motifs in Russian literature of the Pushkin era and the reasons for their active spread in the literary process of the 19th century. Particular attention is paid to the historical, cultural, and aesthetic prerequisites for the interest of Russian writers in the East, especially the Caucasus. The author demonstrates that the development of Eastern themes was closely connected with the political events of that period, particularly the Caucasian War, as well as with the formation of Romanticism in Russian literature.

The paper analyzes the influence of Eastern culture, traditions, and imagery on the works of Russian writers of the first half of the 19th century. The role of the Caucasus as a symbol of freedom, mystery, and spiritual strength is emphasized, which found reflection in the works of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.S. Griboyedov, and other authors. A central place in the article is devoted to the творчество of Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, his interest in the East, his journeys through the Caucasus and Crimea, as well as the representation of Eastern themes in his poetry and prose.

The author concludes that Eastern motifs became an important part of Russian literature of the Pushkin era, contributing to the expansion of writers’ artistic worldview and to the development of a deeper understanding of the culture and traditions of Eastern peoples.

AUTHENTIC ASSESSMENT THEORY AND COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION: DEVELOPING AND VALIDATING HIGHLY SPECIFIC RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING SOFT SKILLS

2026-06-11T08:29:24+00:00

My research focuses on exploring the key aspects of developing and validating a highly specific rubric for assessing soft skills within the framework of authentic assessment theory and competency-based education.

Moreover, it examines influential studies and practical experiments that highlight the role of well-designed rubrics in measuring soft skills such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, problem-solving, and emotional intelligence. Theoretical analyses by scholars suggest how authentic assessment addresses the limitations of conventional evaluation methods, which often reduce complex human abilities to numerical scores or simplistic checklists.

STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATAION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN

2026-06-12T10:41:59+00:00

The relevance of inclusive education in Uzbekistan lies in the fact that many children with special educational needs, even those with mild disabilities, have been receiving education in special schools. If they study and are brought up together with their healthy peers in general education schools, they can integrate into society more quickly. Another advantage of children with special educational needs receiving education within the general education system is that the expenditure on education becomes lower compared with special education. Today, the strategy of inclusive education—i.e., teaching and educating children with developmental difficulties—which is widely promoted worldwide, is also one of the pressing issues in Uzbekistan.

STUDY OF AMINO ACIDS IN MACLURA POMIFERA FRUIT EXTRACT USING CHROMATOGRAPHY METHODS

2026-06-13T07:49:31+00:00

In this study, a comprehensive metabolomic profile of free amino acids in Maclura pomifera fruits was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Both targeted and untargeted analytical approaches were applied to determine the metabolite composition. A total of 52 chromatographic peaks were detected, among which 20 proteinogenic amino acids were identified. The total content amounted to 20.057 ± 0.42 mg/g of dry mass. Histidine (6.504 ± 0.11 mg/g) and proline (4.931 ± 0.09 mg/g) were the major components, likely involved in osmotic regulation and stress adaptation processes. LC-MS/MS analysis not only confirmed the amino acids but also revealed additional metabolites such as phenolic conjugates and nitrogen-containing compounds. Chemometric analysis (PCA and PLS-DA) demonstrated clear clustering and separation among metabolite groups. Method validation confirmed high linearity (R² > 0.998), precision (RSD < 5%), and recovery (94–103%). The results indicate the metabolic complexity of M. pomifera leaves and provide a basis for further structural analysis of bioactive compounds.

RELEVANCE OF FORMING THE MANAGERIAL CULTURE OF HEADS OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

2026-06-14T09:18:15+00:00

The importance of preschool education as the initial stage of upbringing and education of the new generation, the constant change and improvement of methodological, organizational, and psychological-pedagogical means of child development require flexibility and progress in the activities of managerial staff of preschool educational organizations.

In the process of preparing directors of preschool educational institutions, it is necessary to take into account modern economic, social, and cultural factors, as well as the needs of the state and society, which will allow creating an effective model of managerial activity.

This model should reflect the requirements for kindergarten directors – comprehensive education, organizational skills, psychological-pedagogical training, creative approach, mastery and implementation of innovations, and proficiency in methods of motivating and stimulating teachers and educators.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE NATIONAL UPBRINGING SYSTEM

2026-06-21T00:46:58+00:00

This article scientifically and pedagogically analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of the national upbringing system. The study highlights the role of folk pedagogy, spiritual values, social institutions, and Jadid educational teachings in the formation of the national upbringing system. In addition, the significance of national values in fostering the spiritual and moral maturity of the younger generation is revealed. The article examines the pedagogical views of prominent thinkers such as Yusuf Khos Hojib, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Kaykovus, Alisher Navoi, Abdulla Avloniy, Mahmudhoja Behbudiy, and Abdurauf Fitrat. The educational potential of folk pedagogy and its role in the modern educational process are also substantiated. The pedagogical significance of cooperation among the family, neighborhood community, and educational institutions within the national upbringing system is discussed. Furthermore, the study investigates the formation of national consciousness, patriotism, civic responsibility, and spiritual maturity among young people through purposeful upbringing. The findings of the research justify the necessity of effectively applying Jadid educational ideas and modern pedagogical approaches in improving the national upbringing system. The materials of the article can be utilized in higher education institutions, pedagogical research, and spiritual-educational activities.

ENHANCING THE COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE OF SKILLED FREESTYLE WRESTLERS THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF ATTACKING AND COUNTERATTACKING ACTIONS

2026-06-11T09:13:14+00:00

This article examines the integration of attacking and counterattacking actions and the development of the physical capacities of skilled freestyle wrestlers aimed at improving the effectiveness of their competitive performance. A methodology for the optimal distribution of training loads among general physical, special physical, and technical-tactical training components within the annual training cycle was developed and experimentally validated. The results of the pedagogical experiment demonstrated that the athletes of the experimental group, who trained according to the proposed optimized model, achieved statistically significantly higher outcomes in the control tests compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The most pronounced improvements were observed in the speed of executing specialized technical actions and in the dynamics of physical fitness development, with performance gains reaching up to 80%. The findings indicate that scientifically based management of training loads contributes substantially to the enhancement of sporting excellence and competitive effectiveness among highly qualified freestyle wrestlers.

SUPERIORITY OF HUMAN TRANSLATION OVER MACHINE TRANSLATION

2026-06-12T12:06:08+00:00

This research explores the ongoing discussions regarding the capabilities and differences between artificial intelligence and human translators, especially in light of the rapid advancements in machine translation (MT) technologies. By analyzing two texts with distinct styles – the scientific work A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking and the fiction novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee – the study examines the advantages of human manual translation over machine translation. A comparison of how machine translation works with human translation was done in various stylistic areas. The findings show that professional translators produce better results, because they use their language skills, cultural knowledge and expertise to maintain the original text’s meaning and tone.However, machine translation is still not able to grasp the cultural and emotional significance of materials found in literature. The investigation found that despite AI, human translation maintains its natural characteristics. There are situations where accuracy and attention to cultural customs are vital and so human translation is needed.

PROBLEMS OF SELF-IDENTIFICATION AND SELF-IDENTITY CRISIS IN WORLD LITERATURE

2026-06-13T10:46:41+00:00

This article examines the evolution of personal self-identification in literary discourse from classical realism to postmodernism, focusing on the transformation of identity models under the influence of historical, sociocultural, and philosophical shifts. The study analyzes the representation of identity crisis in nineteenth-century realism, the modernist rejection of fixed selfhood, the existential search for authentic being, and the postmodern fragmentation of subjectivity.

DEVELOPING THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF 10-12 YEAR-OLD SCHOOLCHILDREN THROUGH ACTIVE GAMES AND THE GAME “BALL TO THE GOAL”

2026-06-14T11:56:19+00:00

In the article, methods for increasingly influencing the comprehensive physical improvement of the new sporting game "ball to the goal," which is being developed in our country, are used as the primary means of general physical training of the main exercises selected from the sport. A diverse selection of exercises ensures the expansion of movement and capabilities, improves the physical training of players through active games, and adapts them to the new game “ball to the goal”.

IMPROVING THE ATTACK REACTION OF FREESTYLE WRESTLERS

2026-06-11T08:19:16+00:00

This article examines the scientific-methodological and practical aspects of improving the attack reaction of freestyle wrestlers. Accelerating and enhancing the effectiveness of attack reactions is crucial for achieving success in wrestling matches. The article analyzes the psychological, physiological, and motoric basics of attack reactions. Additionally, it discusses the effectiveness of various exercises, methods, and training techniques designed to develop these reactions. Detailed information is provided on improving wrestlers' physical and mental readiness as well as the necessary training for increasing speed and coordination.

DIGITAL-COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH TO DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS IN NON-PHILOLOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

2026-06-12T09:40:49+00:00

The article is devoted to the theoretical basis of the digital communicative approach to the development of speaking skills of students of non-linguistic universities. Special attention is paid to the integration of the communicative approach, computer assisted language learning (CALL) and mobile assisted language learning (MALL). The possibilities of digital technologies to improve the speech competence of students in the context of the modernization of higher education in Uzbekistan are analyzed.

SOMATIC COMPONENTS AS AN OBJECT OF PHILOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN LINGUISTICS

2026-06-13T07:38:11+00:00

This article investigates somatic component units (SCUs) as a significant object of philological research within modern linguistics. Somatic lexemes—words denoting parts of the human body—play a crucial role in the formation of phraseological units, idioms, and metaphorical expressions across languages. The study aims to analyze the structural, semantic, and cultural features of SCUs, highlighting their universality and language-specific peculiarities. A comparative and descriptive methodology is applied, supported by corpus-based analysis of English, Uzbek, and Russian linguistic data. The findings demonstrate that somatic components are highly productive in phrase formation and reflect anthropocentric perspectives in language. These units often encode cultural values, emotional states, and cognitive patterns, serving as linguistic markers of worldview. Despite cross-linguistic similarities, significant differences are observed in metaphorical mappings and semantic extensions. The study concludes that SCUs are a vital element of linguistic research, bridging lexicology, phraseology, and cognitive linguistics, and offering insights into the interaction between language, culture, and human perception.

MODERN INNOVATIONS IN KINSHIP LEXIS RESEARCH: INTEGRATING CORPUS AND NEURAL NETWORK ANALYSIS (A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RUSSIAN, ENGLISH, AND UZBEK)

2026-06-14T09:09:46+00:00

This research explores contemporary methodological frameworks for examining kinship terminology within the interdisciplinary domain of applied linguistics. The study emphasizes the synergy between corpus technologies and neural network models (embeddings) to identify the linguoculturological nuances of these terms across Russian, English, and Uzbek. By analyzing the literary works of C. Dickens and U. Hoshimov, the article illustrates the pragmatic evolution of kinship designations. Furthermore, the paper argues for the critical necessity of incorporating vector semantics into the automated translation of literary prose.

THE IMPORTANCE AND PROCEDURES OF USING INTERNET NETWORKS IN PROMOTING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN ARTISTIC VALUES

2026-06-14T12:41:01+00:00

This article examines the role of internet networks in fostering students’ interest in artistic values, the significance of modern information and communication technologies in the educational process, effective ways of utilizing internet resources, and their potential for shaping the aesthetic worldview of young people. The study also analyzes the culture of internet use, issues of information security, and the role of digital platforms in promoting national and universal values. Particular attention is given to the opportunities provided by electronic resources, online libraries, and digital educational environments in enhancing students’ spiritual, cultural, and aesthetic development.

FACTORS OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION OF STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

2026-06-11T09:05:14+00:00

This article comprehensively analyzes the main factors influencing the process of professional socialization of students in higher educational institutions. In the educational process, the adaptation of the student to society, preparation for professional activity, formation of pedagogical competencies, conscious assimilation of social experience and achievement of the level of professional maturity of the individual are methodically analyzed. The interrelation of pedagogical, psychological, social and technological factors was studied. Based on the results obtained, effective mechanisms and pedagogical conditions for the development of professional socialization were developed.

METHODOLOGY OF TALENT SELECTION AND LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE FORECASTING IN BELT WRESTLING BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ALGORITHMS

2026-06-12T11:38:30+00:00

The modern era of high-performance sports is characterized by a transition toward "Sports 4.0," where data-driven decision-making replaces traditional scouting. This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for talent identification and long-term performance forecasting in Belt Wrestling (Belbog‘li Kurash) using advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). Traditional selection methods often suffer from "coaching subjectivism" and a bias toward early-maturing athletes (Relative Age Effect). To solve this, we developed a multi-factorial diagnostic system based on a dataset of 450 wrestlers. The "Kurash-Intellekt" software, utilizing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Random Forest algorithms, was designed to process 42 unique biometric and technical indicators. Our longitudinal study (2024–2026) demonstrates that the AI-driven model identifies elite potential with 87% accuracy, representing a 25.1% improvement over traditional pedagogical methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the integration of "Digital Twins" allows for the simulation of individualized adaptive training trajectories. The findings suggest that AI can effectively predict athlete success over a 7-year horizon by prioritizing neurodynamic stability and biological age over static physical strength.

COMPLEX OF EXERCISES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARM AND LEG MUSCLES OF SWIMMING SPECIALIZED STUDENTS

2026-06-13T10:38:55+00:00

This article examines a scientifically based complex of physical exercises designed for the effective development of arm and leg muscles in students specializing in swimming. Special attention is given to improving muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, coordination, and functional preparedness through specially selected dry-land and water-based exercises. The research highlights the importance of balanced muscle development in enhancing swimming technique, stroke efficiency, movement speed, breathing control, and overall sports performance. In the process of training, targeted exercises contribute to strengthening the shoulder girdle, forearm, thigh, calf, and core muscles, which play a crucial role in maintaining body stability and propulsion in water. The article also discusses methodological approaches to organizing training sessions for swimming students, taking into account age characteristics, physical fitness levels, and modern pedagogical requirements. The proposed exercise complex can be effectively used in higher educational institutions, sports schools, and swimming clubs to improve the physical preparedness and competitive potential of young swimmers.

MECHANISMS OF ENSURING MORAL AND INFORMATIONAL PROTECTION OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE GLOBAL INFORMATION SPACE

2026-06-14T11:43:59+00:00

This article analyzes the problem of ensuring the spiritual and immunological protection of secondary school students in the context of the expanding global information space. The study scientifically explains that the increasing flow of information can have diverse impacts on the consciousness of young people. It reveals the essence and pedagogical significance of the concept of spiritual immunity. The necessity of developing stable attitudes in students toward information threats is substantiated. The importance of developing media literacy and critical thinking skills is emphasized. The integration of moral and ethical values into the educational process is also discussed. The article proposes effective mechanisms based on modern pedagogical approaches. The developed model encompasses the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development of students. The research findings highlight the need for a comprehensive approach within the education system. These approaches contribute to strengthening students’ устойчивость to information attacks.

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN TEACHING FOOTBALL FOR IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS

2026-06-12T08:57:40+00:00

This article presents theoretical and practical information on improving the professional training of future physical education teachers through the application of information and communication technologies, particularly by means of electronic educational programs.

THE ROLE OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RECOVERY PROCESS IN ATHLETES AFTER TRAINING AND DURING THE COMPETITION PERIOD

2026-06-13T07:29:24+00:00

This article highlights the scientific and practical significance of the psychological recovery process in athletes after training sessions and during the competition period. The study was conducted with the participation of qualified belt wrestlers at the training stage. During the research, the athletes’ motivational state and anxiety level were assessed using the methods of Charles D. Spielberger and V.F. Sopov. The athletes in the experimental group were provided with a psychological recovery exercise program consisting of breathing exercises, autogenic training, visualization, sensory recovery, and cognitive reappraisal methods. At the end of the experiment, an increase in emotional stability, a decrease in anxiety levels, and an improvement in intrinsic motivation were observed among the athletes.

FORMATION OF TEXT CREATION COMPETENCE THROUGH IMPROVING STUDENTS' ARTISTIC LITERACY

2026-06-14T04:20:37+00:00

The article focuses on issues such as the use of traditional themes and images from classical literature, their role in today's literary environment, era, and social life in the formation of text creation competence of secondary school students. The active attitude of thinkers to the processes as intellectuals of their time and the relevance of the reflection of traditional themes in their work in all times are highlighted. One of the effective approaches to improving students' artistic literacy and reading literacy is to turn to classical literature, especially in developing their creative qualities and forming text-creation competencies.

A METHODOLOGICAL MODEL FOR DEVELOPING SPEECH SKILLS IN SCHOOL TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF UZBEK-RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM

2026-06-14T12:23:50+00:00

The article examines the problem of designing a methodological model for developing speech skills among teachers of general education schools who carry out their professional activity in the context of Uzbek-Russian bilingualism. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the quality of teachers’ professional pedagogical speech and their ability to organize educational communication effectively in a multilingual educational environment. Particular attention is paid to the structural components of the model: the target, theoretical and methodological, content-related, procedural and technological, and diagnostic and result-oriented components. It is substantiated that the development of speech skills in a bilingual teacher should not be implemented as the isolated improvement of language abilities, but as the comprehensive enhancement of professional communicative competence, including normativity, accuracy, logical coherence, methodological appropriateness, and communicative adaptability of Russian speech. The proposed model is oriented toward the diagnosis of speech difficulties, the prevention of interference errors, the development of oral and written professional speech, and the formation of teachers’ ability to consciously select speech means depending on the pedagogical situation.

A DIDACTIC MODEL FOR TRAINING SPECIALIZED TRANSLATORS BASED ON INFORMATION RESOURCES: PROJECT OF AN EDUCATIONAL MODULE ON SPECIALIZED TRANSLATION

2026-06-11T08:42:43+00:00

This article examines a didactic model for training specialized translators based on information resources and discusses the theoretical and practical issues of designing a training module in specialized translation. In modern translation education, the preparation of qualified translators requires not only linguistic competence, but also the ability to work effectively with digital tools, electronic databases, terminology resources, parallel corpora, online dictionaries, translation memory systems, and other information resources. Shu joyda hammasi tarjimondan “faqat lug‘at ochib tarjima qilish”ni kutsa, ilm-fan sekin yig‘lab qo‘yadi. The study analyzes the role of digital technologies, information resources, and innovative pedagogical approaches in improving the quality of specialized translator training. Particular attention is paid to the integration of information resources into the educational process, as they help students develop terminological competence, subject-specific knowledge, analytical thinking, and independent research skills. The article also highlights that specialized translation requires the translator to understand not only the language, but also the professional field, its concepts, discourse features, and communicative norms. The didactic model proposed by the author is based on four interrelated components: motivational, cognitive, practical, and reflective. The motivational component is aimed at increasing students’ interest in specialized translation and forming their professional awareness. The cognitive component focuses on developing theoretical knowledge related to translation studies, terminology, subject-specific discourse, and the use of information resources. The practical component involves translation tasks, terminology work, corpus-based analysis, project activities, and the application of digital tools in real translation situations. The reflective component encourages students to analyze their own translation decisions, evaluate translation quality, identify difficulties, and improve their professional performance.

COMMON FEATURES OF INDEPENDENCE-ERA POETRY

2026-06-12T11:16:14+00:00

This article discusses the ancient brotherhood and literary relations among Turkic peoples. It explores the commonalities and distinctive features found in the poetry of the young poet Eldorbek Tatiyev, an Honored Cultural Worker of Kazakhstan, who was inspired and creatively influenced by the patriotic poems and qasidas of the great poet and thinker Alisher Navoi, as well as prominent representatives of twentieth-century Uzbek literature such as Hamid Olimjon, Erkin Vohidov, Abdulla Oripov, and Muhammad Yusuf.

In particular, the article analyzes the poetic resonance between Tatiyev’s works and the profound verses of the poem “The Nightingales Have Returned to the Gardens of Uzbekistan” written by the Hero of Uzbekistan, Erkin Vohidov, during the first years of the country’s independence. At the same time, through the analysis of vivid poetic examples, the study demonstrates how universal humanistic ideas and values, characteristic of the творчество of renowned poets such as Usmon Azim and Shavkat Rahmon, are expressed with remarkable poetic mastery.

TRADITION AND MODERNITY IN LYRICS: THE CASE OF ANBAR OTIN AND HALIMA XUDOYBERDIYEVA

2026-06-13T10:31:17+00:00

The article explores the historical development of Uzbek women’s poetry, focusing on the interrelationship between tradition and modernity. Particular attention is paid to the unique manifestations of traditional and modern features within lyric poetry. A comparative analysis is conducted of the works of Anbar Otin, an enlightened female poet of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and Halima Xudoyberdiyeva, a prominent representative of the poetry of the second half of the twentieth century and the independence period. The study examines the representation of women in the poetry of these poetesses, as well as their reflections on women’s social activity and their role in society. The study incorporates into its analytical scope Anbar Otin’s poetic works composed in the rubāʿī and quatrain genres, alongside Halima Khudoyberdiyeva’s poems structured within the mukhammas and sarbast poetic systems.

METHODS OF DEVELOPING COGNITIVE ACTIVITY OF CADETS AT THE ENGLISH LESSONS

2026-06-14T11:24:01+00:00

The article is devoted to the development of cognitive activity of cadets and the problems encountered in it at the English language classes. The importance of developing cognitive activity of cadets is highlighted, and methods aimed at developing cognitive activity have been developed. The designed modern educational recommendations contribute to developing cadets’ cognitive engagement. The present research focused on the theoretical substantiation and experimental verification of pedagogical conditions for developing cognitive activity at the English lessons at military higher educational institutions. Findings demonstrate that purposeful activation of cognitive processes in foreign language instruction contributes not only to linguistic competence but also to the formation of professional, intellectual, and leadership qualities essential for modern military specialists.

THE ROLE OF DIASTASE ACTIVITY IN HONEY QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF FACTORS AFFECTING IT

2026-06-21T01:07:59+00:00

This study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the key factors affecting the activity of the diastase (α-amylase) enzyme in honey based on a systematic review of the literature. The dependence of diastase activity on storage duration and conditions, thermal processing, botanical origin, and physicochemical factors was examined using international scientific sources. The results demonstrated that diastase is a thermolabile enzyme: its activity progressively decreases with increasing temperature and prolonged storage time, with almost complete inactivation observed in the temperature range of 80–100 °C. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between diastase activity and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content was identified, indicating the deterioration of honey quality. The findings confirm that the combined use of diastase activity and HMF content serves as an effective комплекс indicator for honey quality assessment. In addition, a comparative analysis of analytical methods revealed that modern techniques, such as the Phadebas method and potentiometric approaches, provide higher accuracy and rapidity. The results obtained have significant scientific and practical implications for selecting optimal temperature regimes during honey processing and storage, as well as for determining product authenticity.

DEVELOPING MEDIA LITERACY AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING

2026-06-11T09:32:07+00:00

This article reviews contemporary scholarly perspectives on the development of media literacy and critical thinking within independent learning. Based on 22 international and regional peer-reviewed sources published between 2010 and 2024, the study examines how these competencies converge in the digital age as essential twenty-first-century skills. The paper analyzes key theoretical approaches to media literacy, critical thinking and self-directed learning, including major models proposed by international scholars and UNESCO frameworks. It also discusses effective pedagogical strategies such as inquiry-based learning, problem-based learning, lateral reading, Socratic questioning, reflective journaling and flipped classroom methods. Special attention is paid to the modernization of Uzbekistan’s higher education and teacher training in line with international assessment programs. The article concludes with practical recommendations for educators and curriculum developers.

INITIAL ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL-TACTICAL PREPAREDNESS OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS AT THE STAGE OF SPORTS IMPROVEMENT

2026-06-13T06:12:50+00:00

This article discusses the issues of initial analysis of the physical and technical-tactical readiness of football players at the stage of sports improvement. During the study, the special physical qualities of young football players and the effectiveness of using technical methods during the game were studied. The results of the analysis serve as a basis for individualizing the training process and developing recommendations for raising the skills of athletes to the next level.

ON DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN PRECIPITATION IN SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE SILICON UNDER HIGH HEAT TREATMENTS

2026-06-14T04:09:43+00:00

This paper investigates the formation of oxygen precipitates in Czochralski-grown (CZ) silicon wafers and their thermal stability during high-temperature manufacturing steps. The study focuses on the dissolution dynamics of oxygen nuclei formed at 700° and 800° C when subjected to subsequent heat treatments ranging from 950° and 1200° C. Experimental data demonstrate that the stability of oxygen clusters is fundamentally determined by their size relative to the critical radius at high temperatures. It was observed that high processing temperatures exert a limiting effect on the density of internal gettering sites, leading to an exponential decay of precipitate concentration as temperature increases. The research establishes an empirical relationship between the maximum precipitate density and the reciprocal of the process temperature. These findings are crucial for optimizing thermal cycles in semiconductor device processing to ensure effective metallic impurity gettering. The results highlight the competition between precipitate growth and dissolution mechanisms in the silicon matrix.

TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS, COMPOUND COMPOSITION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SCUTELLARIA L. TYPE SPECIES

2026-06-14T12:16:02+00:00

The article discusses the systematic position, distribution, species composition and medicinal value of the genus Scutellaria L., a member of the Mint family, in Central Asia and Uzbekistan. The study analyzed the literature on the bioecological properties, geographical distribution and floristic composition of the genus Scutellaria L.. The number of representatives of the genus found in the flora of Uzbekistan, their richness in biologically active substances and pharmacological properties are presented. Also, the importance of the genus species in folk medicine and modern medicine due to their richness in flavonoids, iridoids and other secondary metabolites is revealed. The relevance of the issues of conservation and rational use of rare and endemic species is substantiated.

PERSONALIZED AND ADAPTIVE LEARNING: RESEARCHING THE EFFICACY OF AI TOOLS TO CUSTOMIZE CONTENT, FEEDBACK, AND LEARNING

2026-06-11T08:34:54+00:00

This article discovers the opportunities and challenges related to various versions of AI tools (such as Gemini, ChatGPT, Grok ai) for English language teaching and learning. Besides, it emphasizes the efficiency of AI tools for promoting personalized and adaptive learning, providing immediate feedback while criticizing their potential pros and cons. Furthermore, traditional teaching methods aren`t always supportive in order to fulfill learner needs according to their potential. Nevertheless, we should not be ignorant to their possible drawbacks which can affect our decision-making, critical thinking, long-term memory and social-communicative skills in our lives.

FUNCTIONAL TRAINING OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS VARIOUS GAME SPECIALIZATION IN THE COMPETITIVE PERIOD

2026-06-12T10:52:43+00:00

The article discusses the functional training of young football players aged 16–18 during the competitive period. Special attention is given to differentiated training according to playing positions. The study proved that specialized training methods improve physical performance, endurance, speed-strength abilities, and the quality of technical-tactical actions of football players throughout the season.

INNOVATIONS IN THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY TOOLS IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

2026-06-13T10:23:23+00:00

This article examines the application of digital technologies in teaching Russian as a foreign language. It analyzes contemporary digital resources, platforms, and multimedia tools that contribute to increased learner motivation, the development of learner autonomy, and the implementation of a differentiated approach. The importance of digitalization in improving the effectiveness of the educational process is emphasized.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THE MODULAR APPROACH IN TEACHING RUSSIAN: DIDACTIC POTENTIAL AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION

2026-06-14T11:14:07+00:00

This article examines the theoretical, methodological, and practical aspects of integrating digital technologies into higher education, using the teaching of Russian as both a native and a foreign language as a case study. The transformation of the teacher's professional role in a digitalized educational environment is analyzed, and the need to transition from a knowledge-transmission model to a tutor-moderator model is substantiated. Special attention is given to modular technology as an effective form of organizing the educational process that fosters students' independence, critical thinking, and reflective skills. The functional capabilities and didactic potential of the leading Learning Management Systems (LMS) – Google Classroom and Moodle – are examined in detail, and their applicability to Russian language courses is assessed. The article concludes with a set of evidence-based recommendations regarding the principles of selecting and combining digital tools in the context of modular course design.

USING BLOOM’S TAXONOMY TO ENHANCE CRITICAL THINKING AND SPEAKING SKILLS IN SECONDARY EFL CLASSROOMS: A QUALITATIVE CLASSROOM-BASED STUDY

2026-06-21T00:54:58+00:00

Developing students’ critical thinking and speaking skills remains an important goal in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms, particularly in contexts where learners may hesitate to express complex ideas orally. This qualitative classroom-based study explores the use of Bloom’s Taxonomy as a pedagogical framework to scaffold students’ thinking and improve oral participation in secondary English lessons. The intervention was implemented with 48 students across Grade 6 and Grade 8 classes in an EFL context over four instructional sessions. Students engaged in structured speaking activities that progressed through Bloom’s cognitive levels, beginning with lower-order thinking tasks such as recalling and understanding information and moving toward higher-order tasks involving analysis, evaluation, and creative response. Pair discussion and peer feedback were integrated into the activities to encourage collaborative learning and reflective listening. Data were collected through classroom observations, teacher reflective notes, and observations of student interaction patterns. Findings suggest that Bloom’s Taxonomy provided effective cognitive scaffolding that supported students in developing more elaborate spoken responses, participating more actively, and engaging more thoughtfully with peers’ ideas. The inclusion of peer feedback also appeared to promote attentive listening and deeper engagement. This study highlights the practical value of structured questioning frameworks in promoting critical thinking and communicative competence in EFL classrooms.

INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF A PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER

2026-06-11T09:17:01+00:00

This article examines the innovative and pedagogical activities of physical education teachers, the role of innovative technologies in the modern education system, and their application in physical education lessons. Modern methods influencing the development of the teacher's professional competence and the physical and psychological development of students are also analyzed. In the research process, ways to increase the effectiveness of physical education lessons through innovative approaches were considered, and practical recommendations were developed.

SHAME AS A CULTURAL CONCEPT IN UZBEK SOCIETY

2026-06-13T06:00:47+00:00

The anthropocentric approach in linguistics studies language in its inextricable link with human thought, culture, and social life. Language is an important tool in human perception and evaluation of the world, through which a conceptual picture is formed. A concept is a central unit connecting thought, language, and culture, and is formed in the individual consciousness and manifested in social space through linguistic units. Concepts related to the historical experience, customs, and social norms of the people are considered cultural concepts.

One of such cultural concepts, the concept of “shame,” plays an important role in regulating personal behavior, strengthening moral standards, and forming collective responsibility in Uzbek society. It is closely related to family prestige, intergenerational relations, and social balance. The concept of “shame” is actively used in everyday speech, proverbs, and works of art, and is expressed through various lexical and phraseological units. This work analyzes the concept of "shame" as a linguistic and cultural unit, highlighting its semantic field and sociocultural characteristics.

INTEGRATION OF THE INTERCULTURAL COMPONENT INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGE CURRICULA: MODELS AND STRATEGIES

2026-06-13T10:50:40+00:00

The article examines the integration of the intercultural component into foreign language curricula as a necessary condition for developing learners’ intercultural communicative competence in contemporary education. The study is based on the premise that foreign language teaching should not be limited to the formation of linguistic, grammatical, and communicative skills, but should also include systematic work with cultural meanings, value systems, norms of interaction, patterns of verbal and non-verbal behaviour, and strategies of intercultural mediation. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical foundations of intercultural education, curriculum design principles, and pedagogical models that enable the meaningful inclusion of intercultural content in foreign language instruction. The article analyzes major approaches to integrating intercultural elements into educational programmes, including content-based, competence-based, comparative-cultural, dialogic, and project-oriented models. It is argued that the effectiveness of intercultural integration depends on the coherence between learning objectives, teaching materials, classroom activities, assessment criteria, and students’ real communicative needs. The study also identifies key instructional strategies, such as the use of authentic texts, comparative analysis of cultures, case studies, critical incidents, role plays, reflective tasks, and digital intercultural communication. The findings suggest that the intercultural component contributes to the development of tolerance, cultural awareness, critical thinking, empathy, and readiness for dialogue in multilingual and multicultural contexts. The article concludes that intercultural integration should be regarded not as an additional thematic element, but as a structural and methodological principle of modern foreign language education.

THE SIGNIFICANCE AND RELEVANCE OF USING THE SPSS STATISTICAL PROGRAM IN SPORTS ACTIVITIES

2026-06-14T12:04:09+00:00

Mathematical statistics provides the foundation for developing approaches that help identify the most effective solutions when dealing with random and unpredictable factors affecting a system. In sports research, processing the collected data using statistical methods is an essential step.

Among the tools for conducting analysis in the humanities, the IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) system is one of the leading options. The SPSS Statistics package is a powerful platform for performing complex analyses and includes a wide range of methods, such as non-parametric tests, as well as univariate and multivariate procedures. This program can be used to calculate various descriptive statistics, such as the median, mode, mean, and standard deviation, and to utilize a number of specialized functions. Furthermore, the system has functionality for grouping data according to specified criteria, creating hierarchical data structures, and analyzing correlations using various measurement methods.

One of the significant advantages of SPSS is its support for a multitude of distribution laws. The base version provides a module for analyzing linear and nonlinear dependencies. The availability of a large number of built-in and add-on modules makes the user's work considerably more convenient and efficient.

NON-EQUIVALENT LEXEMES IN DAN BROWN’S “ANGELS AND DEMONS” AND ITS TRANSLATION ISSUES

2026-06-11T08:24:22+00:00

In this article, one of the main linguacultural units called non-equivalent lexemes and its types are discusssed on the examples in Dan Brown’s “Angels and Demons”. It is apparent that in the process of literary translation some difficulties related to the translation of language units which define culture and nationality could be faced. In such situations the translators are demanded tobe high qualified not only in languges, but also in different fields: cultural awareness, broad-minded, good at thinking. This article shows the different methods to translate non-equivalent lexical units from one language into another.

SUFISM IS THE SCIENCE OF PURIFICATION OF THE HEART

2026-06-12T10:30:49+00:00

Sufism is also a beautiful form of worship, one of the methods of expressing one's love to the Lord. Therefore, in a certain sense, he also gave artistic decoration and meaning to literature. If a lover can please his beloved with a beautiful heart, the beloved's response will be worthy of it. Therefore, it is said in

the Hadiths that "God is beautiful, He loves beauty." Allahu ta'ala is the only one who deserves the greatest love, because he loves the most beautiful heart. In other words, the Lord is worthy to love his servants in a unique and beautiful way and to

express his heart. After all, isn't every Sufi's love unique? So, one of the reasons for the formation of Sufism is the need of the servant to express his love to the Creator. A common shortcoming of scientific article writing during the Shura period is that it is ideologically limited, it is molded by the communist ideology. Any interpretation is a bridge between its time and the original. It is necessary for the press to interpret the truth objectively from the point of view of its time, way of

thinking, needs and demands. In other words, the interpretation takes all the raw material from its time, relying on the original. That's why it has a flaw of periodicity. Hermeneutic laws also confirm that there is a need for a different interpretation, an attitude to the original that corresponds to the way of thinking of that time. In addition, it is an indicator of progress and maturity.

If the attitude to the years of the Shura period, to the mystical interpretations in it, does not change, if the need for new interpretations is not felt, this is a sign of intellectual stagnation in the society, the indifference of the society and the people to the future. It is true that Sufism literature was studied in one way or another by many researchers such as E.E. Bertels, V.V. Bartold, G'. Gulom, Oybek, Fitrat, V. Zohidov, but this incentive continued on a large scale from the beginning of the nineties. was made. After independence, a wider path was opened to this process. A new era, a new faith, outlook, ideology, social consciousness has begun. The article reveals aspects of these issues in Uzbek literature and press.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

2026-06-13T07:42:01+00:00

The article examines the general physical fitness of younger school-age girls (7-10 years old) as a criterion for improving the quality of their physical education and the positive implementation of their harmonious development.

TRAINING OF THE VESTIBULAR ANALYZER IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS AS A MEANS OF INCREASING THE STABILITY OF BALL PASSES FOR ACCURACY IN CONDITIONS OF AFTEREFFECT OF ANGULAR ACCELERATIONS

2026-06-14T09:14:03+00:00

The article describes the results of an experimental study using young volleyball players aged 13-14 years as an example, which demonstrates the importance of regular training of the vestibular analyzer to improve the stability of accurate ball passes under the conditions of the aftereffect of angular accelerations in the form of rotational movements of the body. During the experiment, special training exercises aimed at developing the vestibular system were incorporated into the athletes’ training process. The findings demonstrated that regular vestibular training significantly enhances balance, spatial orientation, and coordination, enabling players to maintain precision in technical actions even after performing rotational movements. This is especially important in volleyball, where quick reactions and accurate ball control are essential for successful performance.

IMPROVING IGCSE-LEVEL WRITING IN THE CLASSROOM: A STUDY AT JIZZAKH PRESIDENTIAL SCHOOL

2026-06-20T17:41:02+00:00

This classroom-based study explores how process-based instruction can address academic writing challenges among Grade 8 students following the Cambridge IGCSE curriculum at Jizzakh Presidential School in Uzbekistan. Students often experience difficulties in organizing ideas, using appropriate vocabulary, and managing time pressure during writing tasks. These challenges affect both the clarity of their writing and their confidence.

The study involved 24 students and adopted a qualitative approach based on classroom observations, adapted survey insights, and analysis of students’ written work. A two-month instructional intervention was implemented, incorporating model essays, analysis of anonymized student samples, and peer feedback activities. Students were encouraged to reflect on their writing and identify common errors.

The findings indicate that students improved in organizing their ideas, reducing errors, and expressing themselves more clearly. In addition, students demonstrated increased confidence and reduced anxiety when completing writing tasks. The study suggests that process-based instruction, combined with reflective classroom practices, can effectively support writing development in EFL contexts.