Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

UTILIZATION AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF SILENE VULGARIS IN THE NURATA AND KOHISTAN BOTANICAL–GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRICTS OF UZBEKISTAN

2026-04-04T07:17:09+00:00

Medicinal plants represent an essential component of natural ecosystems and play a crucial role in traditional medicine and biodiversity conservation. However, increasing anthropogenic pressure and habitat degradation threaten many wild medicinal species in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of Central Asia. One such species is Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae), a perennial herb widely distributed in Eurasia and known for its medicinal and pharmacological properties. The present study investigates the ecological distribution, reproductive biology, and traditional uses of Silene vulgaris populations occurring in the Nurata and Kohistan botanical–geographical districts of Uzbekistan. Field surveys, morphological analysis, and literature review were employed to evaluate the population status and reproductive strategies of the species. The results indicate that S. vulgaris occurs mainly in open habitats such as foothill pastures, roadside communities, and rocky or sandy substrates under moderately continental climatic conditions. The species demonstrates both generative and vegetative reproduction, with seed production playing a key role in maintaining population stability. Phytochemical analyses reported in previous studies reveal the presence of biologically active compounds including flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic substances, which contribute to its medicinal value. Traditional medicine utilizes different plant parts for treating gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatism, helminth infections, and dermatological conditions. Despite its ecological adaptability, increasing grazing pressure, land transformation, and uncontrolled harvesting may negatively affect the natural populations of the species. Therefore, monitoring population dynamics and developing sustainable harvesting strategies are essential for long-term conservation of this medicinal plant.

THE ARTISTIC REPRESENTATION OF RELIGIOUS AND THEOLOGICAL STRUGGLES IN LUKMON BURIKHON’S NOVEL “IMAM MOTURIDIY”

2026-04-08T15:20:09+00:00

This article explores the ideological and theological struggles that occurred in the Islamic world and their artistic depiction in Lukmon Burikhon’s novel “Imam Moturidiy”. The study analyses the activities of misguided sects—such as the Mu‘tazilites, Qadariyya, the Khawarij, and groups involved in the “Sacred Conspiracy”—who attempted to undermine the doctrinal foundations of Islam. The article also examines the author’s literary skill in portraying these conflicts and the ways these movements sought to weaken the Muslim community.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE SKILLS AND MECHANISMS FOR THEIR ACQUISITION FOR PRIMARY GRADES

2026-04-08T18:11:13+00:00

This article examines the content of effective didactic exercises and tasks used in teaching a foreign language to primary school pupils and analyses their role in enhancing learners’ linguistic and communicative development. The study focuses on interactive methods aimed at immediate response during the listening process, as well as the use of visual aids, action songs, drawing dictation activities, and dialog-based tasks. These techniques contribute to activating pupils’ linguistic activity, improving attention and memory, and facilitating the conscious and systematic acquisition of foreign language material. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the methodological significance of the “from listening to speaking” principle, demonstrating its role in the gradual formation of speaking skills. The findings highlight practical approaches to increasing the effectiveness of foreign language instruction in primary education.

EFFECTIVENESS OF DEVELOPING THE TECHNICAL SKILLS OF KARATE ATHLETES IN THE KUMITE PROGRAM AT THE INITIAL TRAINING STAGE

2026-04-02T17:53:32+00:00

This article investigates the effectiveness of developing and improving technical movements in karate athletes within the framework of the kumite program through the implementation of a specialized training methodology. The formation and enhancement of the physical, psychological, and particularly technical preparedness of highly qualified athletes and masters of sport are largely established during the initial stage of sports training. At this stage of athletic development, the foundational elements of technical mastery are systematically formed and refined through targeted pedagogical approaches. In this regard, the application of a specialized training program serves as a methodological basis for optimizing the execution of effective offensive and defensive short-distance striking techniques employed by karate athletes in kumite. The training program is designed to enhance the coordination, speed, accuracy, and tactical applicability of technical actions, thereby improving the overall efficiency of competitive performance. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of rapid attack and counterattack movements, the precise execution of striking combinations, and the integration of technical skills within the dynamic structure of kumite bouts.

GRAMMATICAL PARAMETERS OF PRAGMATIC UNCTIONING OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RUSSIAN AND UZBEK

2026-04-04T11:59:07+00:00

This article explores the grammatical parameters that shape the pragmatic functioning of phraseological units in Russian and Uzbek. The study adopts a cognitive-pragmatic perspective and focuses on how grammatical structure contributes to the interpretation and communicative impact of idiomatic expressions. Particular attention is paid to grammatical categories such as person, number, modality, tense, and syntactic configuration, which are examined as mechanisms that influence the evaluative orientation and illocutionary force of phraseological units in discourse.

The analysis demonstrates that grammatical features of phraseological constructions serve not only structural purposes but also play a crucial role in their pragmatic actualization. By comparing Russian and Uzbek material, the study shows that while phraseological units preserve their conceptual and figurative foundations across languages, their communicative potential is activated through grammatical variation, contextual embedding, and speaker intention.

The findings suggest that the interaction of grammar and phraseology represents an important mechanism of discourse organization and pragmatic meaning formation.

METHODOLOGY FOR CORRECTING THE VARIABILITY OF TECHNIQUE IN PREPARING JUDO ATHLETES FROM TRAINING GROUPS FOR COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY

2026-04-08T17:13:31+00:00

This study substantiates the scientific and practical significance of a differentiated approach to improving judo athletes’ preparation for competitive activity. The results of pedagogical testing made it possible to assess athletes’ physical and technical-tactical indicators and to conduct a comparative analysis of the groups. The research revealed that the individualization and differentiation of training loads ensure stable development of physical qualities, while the integration of special speed-strength and strength endurance exercises with technical actions enhances athletic mastery. It is emphasized that comprehensive pedagogical control of biomechanical, functional, and technical-tactical indicators is an important factor in determining an athlete’s individual development trajectory. The findings confirm the effectiveness of a methodology based on a differentiated approach in achieving high sporting results in judo.

APPROACHES AND STRATEGIES FOR TEACHING SPEAKING SKILLS

2026-04-08T19:01:37+00:00

This article discusses the importance of teaching speaking skills to ESL (English as a Second Language) learners. It explains that teaching speaking involves helping students produce correct English sounds, use proper stress and intonation, select appropriate words according to social context, organize their ideas logically, and speak fluently. The article emphasizes that interaction plays a crucial role in developing speaking abilities, and communicative language teaching along with collaborative learning provides effective opportunities for students to practice real-life communication. It also highlights various instructional strategies such as multimedia presentations, vocabulary charts, the direct method, and sheltered instruction to support language learning. Special attention is given to the use of visuals, videos, and interactive tasks that help ESL students understand academic language and expand their vocabulary. In addition, the article discusses the SIOP model as an effective approach for supporting English language learners in both language and content learning. Overall, the article concludes that creating an engaging, supportive, and interactive classroom environment helps ESL learners improve their speaking skills and achieve academic success.

THE LIFE CYCLE OF NEOLOGISMS IN DIGITAL MEDIA DISCOURSE

2026-04-04T06:29:43+00:00

This article examines the emergence, dissemination, and stages of popularization of neologisms within digital media discourse. In contemporary linguistics, the Internet and social networking platforms have become the principal environment for the formation, development, and spread of neologisms. The study explores theoretical approaches aimed at modelling the life cycle of neologisms, including memetic and epidemiological models that explain the mechanisms of linguistic innovation and diffusion in communicative communities. Furthermore, the article analyzes the process through which neologisms become integrated into the lexical system of a language and investigates their correlation with sociolinguistic factors that influence their acceptance, stabilization, and conventionalization in language use.

THE ARTISTIC PORTRAYAL OF FEMALE IMAGES IN AMERICAN “LOST GENERATION” LITERATURE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF F. S. FITZGERALD’S “THE GREAT GATSBY” AND E. HEMINGWAY’S “A FAREWELL TO ARMS”

2026-04-08T15:02:50+00:00

This article investigates the artistic and psychological representation of female characters in two seminal works of the “Lost Generation”: F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “The Great Gatsby” (1925) and Ernest Hemingway’s “A Farewell to Arms” (1929). Through a comparative framework integrating gender analysis and cultural-historical contextualization, the study examines how the aftermath of the First World War conditioned the construction of feminine identity, agency, and moral contradiction in American literary contexts. While both novels belong to the same national tradition, they reveal strikingly divergent models of femininity: Fitzgerald deploys his female characters as instruments of social critique, exposing the moral vacuity of post-war American prosperity, while Hemingway constructs Catherine Barkley as an idealized yet deeply problematic figure of devotion, sacrifice, and tragic beauty set against the chaos of the Italian front.

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING: MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES

2026-04-08T17:58:21+00:00

This article explores the development of communicative competence in the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language through the application of modern pedagogical technologies. In the context of globalization and the increasing demand for multilingual communication, the formation of students’ ability to effectively use the Russian language in real-life situations has become a key objective of language education. The study analyzes contemporary methodological approaches, including communicative, competency-based, and task-based learning, as well as the integration of digital tools and interactive teaching methods. Particular attention is given to the role of student-centered learning, collaborative activities, and authentic materials in enhancing language acquisition. The article also identifies existing challenges in Russian language teaching, such as linguistic interference, low motivation, and limited exposure to real communication environments. Based on theoretical analysis and practical observations, the author proposes methodological recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of teaching and fostering communicative competence among learners. The findings contribute to the advancement of foreign language teaching methodology and can be applied in higher education and teacher training practice.

ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN STRENGTH TYPES CHARACTERISTIC OF WRESTLING TECHNIQUES IN QUALIFIED BELBOGLI KURASH ATHLETES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ROTATIONAL MOVEMENTS USING ELECTRONIC MEASURING DEVICES

2026-04-04T11:49:48+00:00

The results of the development of the leading types of force (maximum and explosive force), which increase the efficiency of its detonation in skilled belt fighters in state, the assessment of the dynamics of their displacement under the influence of rotational movements with the help of electronic relay equipment.

IMPROVEMENT OF STRENGTHENING TRAINING OF YOUNG TRIATHLONISTS

2026-04-08T16:46:42+00:00

Triathlon in Uzbekistan has developed significantly over the past six years. The Triathlon Federation creates broad opportunities and conditions not only for professional athletes, but also for amateur triathletes. This will undoubtedly attract representatives of various segments of the population and will serve as one of the important steps in promoting a healthy lifestyle. It must be admitted that recently there have been practically no noticeable achievements in triathlon. There is also a shortage of qualified specialists in this field in our country. Therefore, the lack of a scientific basis and recommendations for the further development of this sport included in the Olympic Games program, the creation of a modern material and technical base for athletes to train, and the improvement of their physical fitness determines the relevance of the chosen direction.

SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF TEACHING EXAMPLES OF WORLD CHILDREN’S LITERATURE BASED ON MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES

2026-04-08T18:49:39+00:00

This article analyzes the scientific and theoretical foundations of teaching masterpieces of world children's literature within the modern educational system. The primary goal of the study is to substantiate the effectiveness of utilizing innovative pedagogical technologies instead of traditional approaches in delivering international literary heritage to students. The article highlights the role of world literature in the spiritual and moral upbringing of the younger generation, its significance in cognitive development, and the issues of teaching based on interdisciplinary integration in the context of Uzbek schools. Furthermore, the role of ICT (information and communication technologies), interactive methods, and "critical thinking" technologies in expanding students' worldviews is scientifically analyzed. The conclusion provides practical recommendations for developing intercultural communication skills among students through the study of world literary examples.

OPTIMIZATION OF TRAINING LOADS BASED ON INTENSITY ZONES USING THE BIOMECHANICAL INDICATORS OF ATTACK TECHNIQUE IN ELITE KICKBOXERS

2026-04-04T06:18:35+00:00

This article analyzes the mechanism for optimal planning and control of training load in sport based on intensity zones. The possibilities of scientifically grounded management of athletes’ physical loads were examined based on exercise duration, heart rate, intensity level, and the number of repetitions. It was found that distributing training loads according to individual functional capacities optimizes the activity of the cardiovascular system and increases the effectiveness of the training process. The proposed mechanism plays an important role in planning athletes’ preparation and in the scientific management of the training process.

DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SOCIAL SECTOR PROFESSIONALS IN A DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

2026-04-08T14:48:26+00:00

This study examines how prospective social sector workers develop and improve their cognitive competency in an educational setting that is enhanced by digital technology. Specialists in the social domain need to exhibit not only digital literacy but also sophisticated reasoning skills, critical judgment, introspective thinking, and independent decision-making in the face of rapidly evolving technology. Quantitative measurement and qualitative analysis were combined in a mixed-methods methodology. About 100 undergraduate students (n = 100) participated in a 16-week educational study. They were split into two groups: an experimental group (n = 50) and a control group (n = 50). The age range of the participants was 20 to 23. A custom designed Digital Pedagogical Module that included case-based learning, interactive problem-solving tasks, moderated online discussions, virtual simulations, and reflective digital journals was finished by the experimental group. Conventional education, consisting of lectures and printed materials, was given to the control group. Results before and after the intervention showed that the experimental group had improved statistically significantly (p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate that well-planned digital learning environments foster pedagogical conditions that support the development of professional decision-making, reflective judgment, and analytical thinking. In order to maintain alignment between technological innovation and human-centered social practice, the study highlights the significance of incorporating digital pedagogical technologies into professional training programs.

DISCURSIVE MECHANISMS OF EVALUATION AND EMOTION EXPRESSION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK NARRATIVES

2026-04-08T17:43:52+00:00

This study investigates the linguistic mechanisms of evaluation, stance taking, and emotion encoding in English and Uzbek narratives through a comparative discourse-analytic and cognitive-linguistic approach. While English narratives predominantly rely on lexical markers, epistemic stance verbs, and attitudinal adjectives, Uzbek narratives demonstrate extensive use of morphological evaluative markers, evidential suffixes, and culturally grounded somatic expressions. These structural and typological differences reveal distinct ways in which narrators across the two languages position themselves toward events, construct interpersonal alignment, and convey emotional experience. Drawing on Appraisal Theory, Stance Theory, and cognitive models of emotion, the study examines how narrative voice, evaluative focus, and affective framing interact in shaping narrative meaning.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL POTENTIAL OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN INDEPENDENT LEARNING CONDITIONS WITHIN THE DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

2026-04-04T11:38:02+00:00

This article analyzes the issues of developing the intellectual potential of future teachers in a digital educational environment based on independent learning through a comprehensive and systematic approach. The main objective of the study is to provide a scientific justification for the mechanisms of forming independent learning competencies and intellectual activity of future teachers through the effective use of modern digital technologies.

The article highlights the didactic features of the digital educational environment, its influence on the cognitive processes of future teachers, and the methodological foundations for organizing independent learning. In particular, the pedagogical potential of electronic learning platforms, digital resources, interactive tools, and distance learning technologies is analyzed, and their role and significance in the educational process are revealed.

Furthermore, within the framework of the study, the importance of problem-based learning, project-based assignments, and research-oriented independent tasks in developing analytical, critical, and reflective thinking skills in future teachers is substantiated. Innovative pedagogical approaches that contribute to the effective organization of independent learning in a digital environment are also examined in close connection with the principles of learner-centered and competency-based education.

The results of the study confirm that the purposeful and systematic use of digital tools positively influences the development of the intellectual potential of future teachers, strengthens their motivation for self-development, and improves the quality of their professional training. These scientific conclusions have both theoretical and practical significance for improving the system of teacher education.

MONITORING OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF FIGURE SKATERS BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF CARDIORESPIRATORY INDICATORS IN TRAINING ACTIVITY CONDITIONS

2026-04-08T15:40:10+00:00

Modern requirements for training figure skaters necessitate objective monitoring of their functional state during the training process. The article presents an analysis of cardiorespiratory indicators based on heart rate (HR), distribution of load across heart rate zones, and heart rate variability (HRV). The study was conducted using a Polar chest heart rate monitor under conditions close to competitive activity. The dynamics of HR, structure of training load, and recovery indicators of highly qualified athletes were analyzed.It was found that the training process is characterized by high variability and predominance of moderate and high-intensity loads. A relationship between an increase in high-intensity load and a decrease in HRV indicators was identified. The results confirm the effectiveness of modern monitoring tools for optimizing the training process.

TRANSFORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES AND THEIR SYSTEMATIC IMPLEMENTATION

2026-04-08T18:32:17+00:00

This article develops and scientifically substantiates a step-by-step transformation model aimed at the development of pedagogical higher education institutions within the system of pedagogical personnel training. The study provides a comprehensive systemic analysis of institutional diagnostics, updating the content of education based on a competency-based approach, enhancing the potential of pedagogical personnel, digital transformation, and education quality management. The proposed model ensures consistency and sustainability in improving the quality of pedagogical personnel training.

SOURCE-BASED DISCREPANCIES IN THE BIOGRAPHY OF SUFI ALLAHYOR

2026-04-04T06:03:34+00:00

This article analyzes the discrepancies found in historical and literary sources regarding the personal life, name, date of birth, patronymic, and place of birth of Sufi Allahyor, a prominent representative of the 17th–18th century Transoxiana Sufi literature. The study comparatively examines historical and source-based works such as "Risolai Aziza", "Tuhfatul ahbob", "Maxazinut taqvo", "Hidoyat ut-tolibin", as well as the views of contemporary literary scholars and textologists. As a result, certain incorrect and speculative views concerning the biography of Sufi Allahyor have been re-evaluated on a source-based foundation.

HUMANITY’S UPTURN FORWARD: HOW RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ARE SHAPING A MORE UNBIASED AND HOPEFUL WORLD

2026-04-04T12:17:51+00:00

The period between 2025 and 2026 has experienced significant advancements in renewable energy, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence that extend far from technical achievement and directly impact on social equity and human well-being. In this article I analyze recent developments in sustainable energy transitions, personalized gene-editing therapies, and intelligent computational systems. Through analysis of emerging scientific trends and global implementations, personally I argue that contemporary innovation is increasingly measured by its capacity to enhance quality of life. However, concerns regarding accessibility, governance, and digital dependency remain significant. During my research I can conclude that the long-term success of technological progress depends not only on innovation itself, but on equitable distribution and responsible integration into society.

SOCIO-PHILOSOHICAL NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE

2026-04-08T17:31:48+00:00

The article analyzes the issues of intellect and being, their interaction, the essence of man, his role in the perception of the essence of being, the factors and sources that determine the ontological structure and functional existence of an individual. The level of socio-economic development of society, the ideological and ideological environment, the essence of the policy pursued by the state, the content and form of the educational system determine the ontological structure and functional existence of the individual. Trends in the historical development of society are manifested in individual potential. The level of socio-economic development of society, the ideological and ideological environment, the essence of the policy pursued by the state, the content and form of the educational system determine the ontological structure and functional existence of the individual. Trends in the historical development of society are manifested in individual potential. The human mind is constantly developing on the basis of Learning, Mastering the various knowledge created by mankind. In order to further develop the mind, a person needs the right-thinking dormitory. To do this, Akli should rely on methods of cognition, in particular logical cognition. But it is of great importance that the quality of knowledge, advanced ideas and knowledge acquired by the individual in the bunda. Thus, the question of existence is the negation of all the issues that a person faced during his first attempts to understand the world wisely. The existence or nonexistence of certain things immediately took place from the centre of his attention, as soon as a person began to philosophical reasoning.

CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE TRAINING OF FUTURE EDUCATORS

2026-04-04T07:31:31+00:00

The article describes the essence of the concept of inclusive education, the purpose of the concept the leading ideas, principles and Basic Rules of the methodological system for the development of inclusive training of future educators in higher educational institutions, the sources of the concept scientific theoretical facts, theoretical and methodological rules, a set of theories revealed in scientific work and presented in.

PEDAGOGICAL CONTROL OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL ACTIONS OF YOUNG FUTSAL PLAYERS DURING THE COMPETITION

2026-04-08T15:26:26+00:00

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the technical and tactical actions of 15–16-year-old futsal players and evaluates their effectiveness during competitive matches. The study examined games from both the Russian U-16 Championship and the Uzbekistan Championship, employing detailed pedagogical observation and video analysis to assess performance at various time intervals and across different rounds. The findings indicate that local Uzbek futsal players exhibited a lower frequency of technical-tactical actions and reduced efficiency compared to their foreign counterparts. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a gradual decline in performance consistency and technical-tactical stability as the rounds progressed, likely influenced by accumulated fatigue. The obtained results provide a solid empirical foundation for the development of evidence-based training programs and pedagogical recommendations aimed at enhancing the technical, tactical, and physical preparation of young futsal athletes.

COMPARATIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PREPARATION INDICATORS OF YOUNG FREESTYLE WRESTLERS AT THE BEGINNING AND END OF THE STUDY

2026-04-08T18:17:52+00:00

This article examines the training indicators of young freestyle wrestlers based on a comparative statistical analysis at the beginning and end of the study. During the study, the level of physical, technical-tactical, and functional training of athletes was assessed using special tests. The results obtained were processed using mathematical and statistical methods, and the level of reliability between the indicators was determined. At the end of the study, it was found that young wrestlers showed significant positive changes in speed, strength, endurance, and special movement training. The results of the statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the experimental training and practical recommendations were developed to improve the training process.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS BASED ON CARBAMIDE AND BETA CYCLODEXTRIN

2026-04-03T15:43:47+00:00

This paper presents the synthesis of corrosion inhibitors based on carbamide (NH2)2CO and beta cyclodextrin (β-CD), as well as the investigation of their properties. The synthesis process involves dissolving carbamide and β-CD in distilled water, adding phosphoric acid, and mixing at 70°C. The solution is then cooled, and the precipitate is separated and dried. The inhibitor is purified in three stages. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze the corrosion process on steel surfaces and the effectiveness of the inhibitor. SEM results indicate that the inhibitor forms a protective layer on the steel surface, significantly improving the metal's resistance to corrosion. The findings suggest that the synthesized inhibitor could serve as an effective tool for corrosion control in industrial applications.

LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF CONNOTATIVE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

2026-04-04T12:05:36+00:00

This article explores the linguocultural features of connotative meaning in English and Uzbek from a comparative perspective. Connotation is examined as a multilayered semantic phenomenon that reflects national mentality, cultural values, historical memory, and symbolic systems beyond denotative meaning. The study analyzes ethnoconnotation as a culturally marked semantic component shaped by collective experience and social stereotypes. Through comparative examples from English and Uzbek lexical units, the research demonstrates that similar denotative meanings may carry different connotative layers due to distinct cultural codes. The findings confirm that connotative meaning is culturally determined and plays a significant role in intercultural communication and translation.

ULUGBEK HAMDAM’S NOVEL “THE ROAD”: THE SKILL OF INTERPRETATION AND THE ART OF ANALYSIS. INTRODUCTION TO THE POETICS OF THE NOVEL

2026-04-08T17:18:10+00:00

Ulugbek Hamdam’s novels “Balance”, “Sabo and Samandar”, “Rebellion and Obedience”, “Father” are distinguished by their unique poetics. The writer’s new novel “The road” shows the skill of complex, multi-layered artistic interpretation of the writer’s Roman thought. The artistic skill of the writer is not only in the interpretation of religious, encyclopedic, philosophical, historical knowledge in the novel, but also in the fact that the reader is required to be aware of the sources used by the author. The novel “The road” is a novel based on a complex artistic system. Synthesized styles of realism, modernism and postmodernism are successfully used in the novel.

PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COACH-MENTORS IN SPORTS GAMES

2026-04-08T19:06:28+00:00

This article reveals the moral qualities of young people, such as patriotism, national pride, duty, conscience, mutual respect and dignity, which play a leading role not only in their personal development, but also in maintaining a clean and stable psychological climate in our society.

DETERMINING KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGIES OF A MOVING BODY VIRTUAL LABORATORY

2026-04-04T07:00:29+00:00

This article studies the relationship between kinetic energy, potential energy and total mechanical energy. Also, the study of the law of conservation of energy. The processes of studying the effect of friction on energy are demonstrated using the Energy Skate Park Simulation (PhET Simulation) virtual laboratory work on a computer or smartphone via the Internet system.

CLASSIFICATION AND LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ECOLOGICAL SPEECH UNITS: AN ECOLINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

2026-04-08T15:14:07+00:00

Ecological speech units encompass a wide array of linguistic elements—lexical items, phrases, metaphors, grammatical constructions, and narrative structures—that encode, reflect, or shape human relationships with the natural world. Rooted in ecolinguistics, particularly Arran Stibbe's framework of "stories we live by," this article systematically classifies these units and examines their linguistic features across multiple analytical levels. The study addresses the pressing need to understand how language perpetuates ecologically destructive ideologies (e.g., unlimited growth, human supremacy) or, alternatively, promotes beneficial ones (e.g., interconnectedness, living in harmony).

Employing a qualitative discourse-analytic approach, the research draws on a diverse corpus including scientific reports (IPCC excerpts), media coverage, policy documents, literary nonfiction (e.g., Rachel Carson, Richard Powers), corporate communications, and activist texts. Units are classified hierarchically: lexical (ecolexemes), phrasal/collocational, metaphorical, grammatical (transitivity, nominalization, voice), and discursive/narrative levels. Linguistic features are analyzed for their ideological implications, using Stibbe's evaluation of stories as destructive, neutral, or beneficial against an ecosophy prioritizing the preservation of living systems.

Results demonstrate that destructive units dominate in economic and industrial discourses (e.g., "natural capital," "ecosystem services," NATURE IS RESOURCE metaphors, agentless passives obscuring responsibility), while beneficial alternatives appear more frequently in literary and activist contexts (e.g., "web of life," NATURE IS COMMUNITY frames). The discussion explores cultural variations, communicative implications, and potential for linguistic reform in environmental education and policy. The article concludes that conscious reclassification and reframing of ecological speech units can contribute to shifting societal stories toward sustainability. This work advances ecolinguistics by providing a practical, multi-layered typology adaptable to cross-linguistic and applied contexts.

PLANNING THE EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROCESS OF YOUNG CYCLISTS IN THE ANNUAL TRAINING CYCLE BASED ON STRUCTURED GROUPS OF METHODS AND TRAINING LOADS IN COMBINATION WITH AN INCREASE IN THE VOLUME AND INTENSITY OF EXERCISES

2026-04-08T18:04:30+00:00

This article discusses the process of appropriate construction of training and competitive loads of cyclists of initial sports specialization, both to the conditions of sports training and competitions. Methods of complex assessment of signs of physical condition, prognostic possibilities and the value of these methods in the selection of the main composition of the youth national team are given.

PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PREPARATION OF WRESTLERS

2026-04-04T11:53:57+00:00

This article examines the issues of physical and mental (psychological) preparation of wrestlers. The content and importance of theoretical preparation, the means of general and special physical preparation for wrestlers, the rules for their selection and application, as well as the role of mental preparation in sports performance are analyzed.

The results of the study show that achieving high sports mastery by wrestlers depends on the harmonious development of physical preparation (strength, speed, agility, endurance), theoretical knowledge (history, rules, technique and tactics of wrestling) and mental (volitional) qualities. The necessity of considering theoretical preparation as a separate and important section of the training process and integrating it with physical, technical and tactical preparation is emphasized.

The article provides practical recommendations on the selection of exercises for wrestlers, which will help coaches and sports pedagogues to organize the process of preparing wrestlers more effectively.

ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY OF FOOTBALLERS IN SPORTS IMPROVEMENT GROUPS AS A FACTOR IN DIRECTING PLAYERS TO TEAMS OF HIGHER SPORTS MASTERY

2026-04-08T17:02:37+00:00

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the competitive activity of the “Lokomotiv” U-19 football team based on data from the official report of the 2023 season. Indicators of individual and group technical-tactical actions (TTA), ball possession, duels, attacking actions, and set pieces were examined. A statistical analysis of the differences in ball possession between the first and second halves was conducted using Student’s t-test.

THE GENESIS OF RELIGIOUS-ENLIGHTENMENT NARRATIVE PROSE IN UZBEK LITERATURE

2026-04-08T18:54:40+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence of religious-enlightenment narrative works in Uzbek literature. The genesis of epic-narrative texts (doston–qissa) is examined through a stage-by-stage approach. In addition, the artistic features of Rohati dil by Xojamnazar Huvaydo are analyzed.

FOUNDATIONS OF THE FORMATION OF TABOO AND EUPHEMISMS

2026-04-04T06:24:13+00:00

The phenomena of taboo and euphemism are closely linked with the emergence of language and human thinking; they have developed through evolutionary stages similar to language itself, based on the necessity of human communication and the demands of oratory, and later formed a distinct layer of speech with their own objects. It is known that since primitive times, humanity has involuntarily used euphemisms. According to linguist A.A. Reformatsky, euphemistic units used in place of taboo are inherently connected with ethnic development. He notes that various superstitions and religious beliefs contributed to the emergence of taboo, while euphemisms serve to obscure its name. From the second half of the 19th century, the phenomena of taboo and euphemism began to be studied from ethnographic and ethnolinguistic perspectives. In general linguistics, Turkology, and particularly in Uzbek linguistics, there are numerous sources and viewpoints on the causes of taboo and euphemism and the purposes for which they are used.

DEVELOPMENT OF REACTION AND CHOICE ABILITIES IN THE COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING OF SETTERS IN VOLLEYBALL

2026-04-08T14:57:22+00:00

The article analyzes the effectiveness of training aimed at developing setters’ reaction to a moving object and choice reaction. A specialized set of exercises designed to improve movement speed, agility, and setting accuracy under complex game conditions was applied. The research results confirm that the proposed approach enhances setters’ technical and tactical performance and increases the effectiveness of attacking actions.

THE EFFECT OF RAPID-STRENGTH QUALITIES OF WATER POLO PLAYERS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMBINATION ATTACKS

2026-04-08T17:50:32+00:00

The article examines the impact of developing rapid-strength qualities in water polo players on the effectiveness of combination attacks. The study involved 24 athletes, who were divided into control and experimental groups. For the experimental group, a weekly training program was developed, aimed at enhancing explosive strength, speed, strength endurance, and specific technical-tactical actions both on land and in water. The program included jumping exercises, drills with a weighted ball, strength exercises with a barbell, swimming with resistance and weights, acceleration drills, and control games. The results of the study confirm that specialized rapid-strength training is a significant factor in improving the effectiveness of combination attacks in water polo players.

STRUCTURAL AND COMPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF ECO TERMS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH

2026-04-04T11:45:09+00:00

The present study examines the lexical-semantic characteristics of ecological vocabulary in Uzbek and English. The research focuses on the structural and semantic features of eco-words and eco-terms, as well as their classification into different lexical-semantic groups. The analysis demonstrates that ecological vocabulary reflects the interaction between human activity and the natural environment and includes both denotative and connotative meanings. Based on semantic characteristics, eco-lexicon can be divided into two major groups: ecological units with positive meanings and those with negative meanings. Each group includes several microcategories such as ecological verbs, natural geographical terms, flora and fauna terminology, technical eco-terms, and lexical units denoting professionals engaged in environmental activities. The study also reveals that negative ecological lexemes prevail over positive ones in the Uzbek language, which may reflect the growing environmental challenges faced by society.

CREATING THE IMAGE OF IBN SINA: LIFE REALITY AND ARTISTIC FABRIC

2026-04-08T15:48:17+00:00

In fiction, creating historical events and the character of historical figures is a complex process, in which writers use unique styles for each event and incident and appeal to different genres. This can be seen in the creation of the image of the great Eastern scholar Ibn Sina, where a variety of aspects are employed to establish credibility.

DEVELOPING THE LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE OF FUTURE ENGLISH TEACHERS THROUGH A LEARNER-CENTRED APPROACH: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2026-04-08T18:45:07+00:00

This article develops a conceptual framework explaining how learner-centred strategies foster linguistic competence among future English teachers. Drawing on theories of Noam Chomsky, Dell Hymes, Michael Canale, Merrill Swain, and Lev Vygotsky, the study integrates communicative competence theory with constructivist pedagogy. A qualitative conceptual analysis of twelve peer-reviewed sources (1965–2020) demonstrates that interactive communicative practice, authentic task engagement, reflective learning, and formative assessment significantly improve grammatical accuracy, fluency, lexical diversity, and pragmatic appropriateness. The findings confirm that learner-centred environments enhance both linguistic proficiency and professional self-efficacy in teacher education. The proposed framework offers practical guidance for higher education institutions seeking sustainable competence development.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ DIGITAL COMPETENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION

2026-04-04T06:10:55+00:00

This study examines the role and significance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in developing students’ digital competence within the higher education system. In the contemporary educational environment, digital tools and AI-based systems provide opportunities to optimize the learning process, implement individualized learning models, and enhance educational effectiveness. The research investigates how AI-driven learning analytics, adaptive learning systems, and digital platforms can foster the development of students’ cognitive processes. Furthermore, the structural components of digital competence, the factors influencing its formation, and the pathways for its integration into educational practice are scientifically substantiated. Using a mixed-methods design involving 120 undergraduate students at Jizzakh State Pedagogical University (Uzbekistan), the study compared learning outcomes in a control group receiving traditional instruction with those of an experimental group taught in an AI-integrated environment. Results indicate that AI-assisted instruction produced statistically significant gains across all five areas of the DigComp 2.1 framework. The findings contribute to a growing international evidence base supporting the deliberate and pedagogically grounded integration of AI technologies in higher education.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES MANIFESTED IN RELIGIOUS TEXTS

2026-04-08T14:41:24+00:00

This article analyzes the linguopragmatic features of politeness strategies manifested within the framework of religious texts. The study examines the principles of politeness expressed through speech units, forms of address, and communicative means such as requests, advice, and warnings used in sacred texts. It also highlights the role of politeness strategies in regulating interpersonal communication in religious discourse and reveals their ethical-normative content. In the process of analysis, the linguistic units in religious texts are examined from pragmatic and semantic perspectives, and the specific manifestations of politeness strategies are identified. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the communicative and educational significance of religious texts.

THE IMPACT OF TEACHER FEEDBACK VS AUTOMATED FEEDBACK ON WRITING DEVELOPMENT

2026-04-08T17:37:14+00:00

This article examines the impact of teacher feedback versus automated feedback on writing development. With the increasing integration of technology in education, automated feedback systems have gained popularity as efficient tools for assessing and improving writing skills. However, there is an ongoing debate about their effectiveness compared to traditional teacher feedback. This research explores the advantages and limitations of both feedback types by analyzing their influence on students’ writing progress, accuracy, and engagement. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from writing assessments with qualitative insights from student perceptions and experiences. Findings aim to provide a deeper understanding of how feedback mechanisms contribute to writing development and inform educators on best practices for integrating technology-based feedback into teaching.

DYNAMICS OF SPECIAL WORK CAPACITY IN QUALIFIED JUDOKAS DURING THE INTEGRATION OF CROSSFIT INTO THE SPORTS TRAINING PROCESS

2026-04-04T08:01:55+00:00

This study presents a statistically substantiated investigation of the effects of a 12-week integration of CrossFit training complexes (twice per week within the weekly training cycle) on indicators of special work capacity in qualified judokas. Forty athletes (First Sports Rank, Candidate for Master of Sport) participated in the study and were divided into a control group (CG, n=20) and an experimental group (EG, n=20). The absence of statistically significant baseline differences between the groups confirmed their initial comparability. The main effectiveness criteria were the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) index and the time of the 3×10 m shuttle run. In the experimental group, statistically significant improvements were observed in both the SJFT index and the shuttle run performance (p<0.001), whereas no statistically significant improvements were recorded in the control group.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF POTATO AUCUBA MOSAIC VIRUS (PAMV)

2026-04-08T15:34:02+00:00

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world and plays a significant role in ensuring global food security. However, viral diseases remain one of the major factors limiting potato productivity and quality. Among them, Potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV), belonging to the genus Potexvirus, is considered an important pathogen affecting potato plants in many regions. The present study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of PAMV and to identify the virus using molecular diagnostic methods.

Field observations revealed several typical viral symptoms in infected potato plants, including chlorotic mosaic patterns, leaf deformation, yellow spotting, and necrotic lesions on tubers. The frequency of observed symptoms showed that mosaic patterns were the most common symptom (42%), followed by chlorotic spots (35%), leaf deformation (28%), and necrosis (19%). Light microscopy analysis of infected leaf tissues revealed significant anatomical changes, including chloroplast deformation, disruption of cellular structures, and the formation of necrotic zones. These alterations indicate that viral infection significantly affects the physiological and metabolic processes of plant cells.

Molecular analysis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) successfully detected the presence of PAMV in infected samples. Agarose gel electrophoresis revealed a specific DNA fragment of approximately 700 bp corresponding to the viral genome region, confirming the presence of the virus in infected plant tissues, while no amplification was detected in healthy control samples. Furthermore, infected plants exhibited reduced growth parameters, including decreased plant height, leaf number, and tuber yield compared with healthy plants.

The results of this study confirm that PAMV infection can significantly affect potato growth and productivity. Molecular diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR provide reliable and sensitive methods for early detection of plant viruses. These findings may contribute to improving monitoring systems, selecting virus-free planting material, and developing effective strategies for managing viral diseases in potato cultivation.

METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF USING THE “PILLA” DUMMY AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN DEVELOPING PHYSICAL QUALITIES

2026-04-08T18:25:11+00:00

The “PILLA” dummy is a special training device designed to simultaneously develop technical-tactical and physical preparedness among belt wrestlers. The primary goal of its creation is to provide athletes with the opportunity to learn and improve complex technical elements—particularly techniques of throwing an opponent over the chest or waist—under safe, controlled, and repeatable conditions. The dummy serves as an intermediate training tool in the preparatory phase, reducing injury risks, enhancing training efficiency, and ensuring qualitative automation of technical elements. Moreover, it facilitates repeated testing and refinement of technical-tactical strategies during the competition preparation stage.

FROM KNOWLEDGE TO COMPETENCE: RETHINKING CURRICULUM DESIGN THROUGH THE 4C FRAMEWORK IN UZBEKISTAN

2026-04-03T15:49:02+00:00

This study examines the role of a competency-based approach in modern education with particular focus on integrating the 4C skills—communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity—into Uzbekistan’s national curriculum. Traditional knowledge-based educational models centered on memorization and standardized testing are increasingly inadequate for preparing students for the complex challenges of the 21st century. Using a conceptual and theoretical research approach grounded in constructivist and competency-based learning theories, the study analyzes international curriculum reform experiences from Finland, Singapore, and Estonia. The findings highlight strategies for integrating 4C competencies into curriculum objectives, teaching practices, and assessment systems. The results suggest that effective curriculum transformation requires a shift from knowledge transmission toward competence development through interdisciplinary learning, student-centered pedagogy, and real-world application of knowledge. The study proposes a multi-level curriculum design framework aligning educational policy, instructional practices, and assessment with the demands of 21st-century learning.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZING SPORTS-ORIENTED PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS

2026-04-04T12:11:02+00:00

The article examines the problems of organizing sports-oriented physical education, which serves as a means of forming the sports culture of students in general education institutions. The modernization of physical education for school students and the development of mass sports in general secondary schools — known as sportsization — requires the use of sports activities, sports technologies, and competitions in the educational process with the aim of forming students’ sports culture.

MODERN STATUS OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCORRECTORS USAGE IN SPORTS: ANALYSIS OF SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS AMONG COACHES

2026-04-08T17:25:27+00:00

This article presents a comprehensive scientific and statistical analysis of the results of a sociological survey conducted among 350 coaches in 49 sports disciplines operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the current practice of using nutritional biocorrectors (dietary supplements) in the training process, and to examine the level of coaches' knowledge regarding the chemical composition, efficacy, and safety criteria of these agents. Systematic analysis and questionnaire methods were employed during the research. The results indicated that the vast majority of coaches (84,8%) advocate for the use of biocorrectors under strict medical supervision; however, a significant portion of respondents (24%) demonstrated theoretical gaps concerning application methodology and dosing. The paper thoroughly analyzes the role of biocorrectors in athlete recovery processes and provides evidence-based recommendations for enhancing the nutritional literacy of coaching staff. The findings substantiate the necessity of developing a unified digital information and methodological platform to optimize the nutrition system in high-performance sports and ensure compliance with anti-doping regulations.