Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

LINGUOCULTURAL INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN NATURE AND EVALUATION SEMANTICS IN UZBEK FOLK PAREMIOLOGY

2026-05-11T07:10:58+00:00

This article analyzes the linguocultural features of semantic fields related to human nature and evaluation in Uzbek folk paremiology. The study elucidates the semantic structure of paremiological units formed on the basis of positive, negative, and neutral evaluation systems. Using examples of folk proverbs and phraseological units, the linguocognitive and logoepistemic foundations of cultural components are revealed. Furthermore, the role of these units in shaping the linguistic worldview is scientifically substantiated. The results of the research contribute to a deeper understanding of the interconnection between language and culture.

THE INFLUENCE OF ASYMMETRIC STATES IN PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL PREPARATION IN WOMEN’S WRESTLING ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPETITIVE ACTIVITY

2026-05-11T08:31:56+00:00

This study examines the influence of asymmetric states in the physical and technical preparation of highly qualified female wrestlers on the effectiveness of competitive performance, based on a comprehensive approach. During the research, differences in speed, strength, and coordination between the left and right sides were identified, and their relationship with the quality of technical-tactical actions and competition outcomes was assessed using statistical analysis methods. The findings confirm that the level of movement asymmetry has a significant impact on the effectiveness of technical skill execution and overall competitive performance. Furthermore, the results substantiate the need to improve scientific and methodological approaches aimed at individualizing the training process and optimizing asymmetrical imbalances in physical and technical indicators.

IMPROVING THE TRAINING SYSTEM OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED PARA-ATHLETES IN PARA-ATHLETICS: A CASE STUDY OF T46 CATEGORY RUNNING DISCIPLINES

2026-05-14T06:07:46+00:00

This study investigates the improvement of the training system for highly qualified para-athletes competing in T46 category running disciplines within para-athletics. The T46 classification encompasses athletes with upper limb amputation or equivalent impairment who compete in sprint and middle-distance track events using a running prosthesis. A pedagogical experiment was conducted across the 2023–2024 training year involving a control group (n=10) and an experimental group (n=10). Baseline anthropometric measurements — height, weight, leg length, arm length, and residual limb length — and six standardised physical fitness tests revealed no statistically significant intergroup differences (p>0.05), confirming the homogeneity of the experimental cohorts. Functional state monitoring using heart-rate telemetry and estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) assessment provided individual physiological profiles that informed the individualisation of training prescriptions. A three-block specialised exercise complex was developed and applied exclusively to the experimental group: Block I targeting start mechanics and acceleration over 0–30 m; Block II targeting speed-endurance and running economy over 60–200 m; and Block III targeting prosthesis adaptation and residual limb conditioning. The exercise complex was embedded within an annual periodisation plan comprising five macro-periods: general preparatory, special preparatory, pre-competition, competition, and transition. Post-intervention testing demonstrated statistically significant improvements in the experimental group relative to the control group across all performance indicators, including 60 m sprint (p<0.05), 100 m sprint (p<0.01), 200 m sprint (p<0.01), standing long jump (p<0.05), triple jump (p<0.05), and push-up endurance (p<0.01). These findings confirm that a structured, periodised, and prosthesis-adapted training methodology produces superior performance outcomes in elite T46 para-athletes compared to conventional training approaches.

THE EVOLUTION OF ARTISTIC PSYCHOLOGISM IN VICTORIAN LITERATURE: FROM DICKENS TO HENRY JAMES

2026-05-14T09:14:56+00:00

This article investigates the evolution of artistic psychologism in Victorian literature, tracing its development from the early social-behavioural psychologism of Charles Dickens through the moral-analytical psychologism of George Eliot and the atmospheric interiority of Charlotte Bronte, to the refined central-consciousness technique of Henry James. The study argues that this evolution is not a linear progression but a complex, multi-directional process shaped by sociocultural, scientific, and philosophical transformations of the Victorian era. Drawing on close reading and comparative-typological analysis of representative works including Great Expectations, Middlemarch, Jane Eyre, and The Portrait of a Lady, the article identifies four distinct phases in the development of psychologism: the social-external phase, the moral-analytical phase, the atmospheric-symbolic phase, and the cognitive-perspectival phase. Each phase is defined by a characteristic set of narrative techniques, authorial strategies, and philosophical assumptions about the nature of individual consciousness. The findings demonstrate that Victorian psychologism constitutes a unified but internally differentiated literary phenomenon, and that its evolution anticipates the stream-of-consciousness experiments of literary modernism. The article contributes to the comparative study of English literary history and offers a typological framework applicable to the analysis of psychologism across literary traditions.

LEXICAL GRADUONYMY OF COLOR TERMS IN UZBEK, ENGLISH, AND RUSSIAN

2026-05-15T18:54:14+00:00

Graduonymy, understood as the expression of varying degrees of a particular quality, plays a significant role in structuring color perception and its linguistic representation. The research focuses on the gradational properties of basic color lexemes such as white, black, and red, analyzing their synonymic series, degree forms, and contextual usage. Special attention is given to the morphological, lexical, and phraseological means of expressing gradation in each language

DEVELOPING PRAGMATIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL COMPETENCE THROUGH SMALL-GENRE TEXTS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION

2026-05-10T08:54:29+00:00

This study explores the didactic potential of small-genre texts, particularly anecdotes and jokes, in developing pragmatic and linguocultural competence in foreign language education. Modern communicative language teaching emphasizes not only grammatical accuracy but also the ability to interpret implicit meanings and cultural nuances. Drawing on theoretical frameworks proposed by Dell Hymes, Michael Canale, and Merrill Swain, as well as speech act theory by John L. Austin and John R. Searle, the paper argues that humor-based texts serve as effective tools for fostering communicative competence.

The research employs a qualitative methodological approach, including pragmatic analysis, contextual reconstruction, and pragmatic transformation. These methods enable learners to identify communicative intentions, interpret implicit meanings, and adapt language use across cultural contexts. Additionally, linguocultural analysis facilitates the recognition of national values, stereotypes, and cultural codes embedded in humorous texts.

The findings indicate that systematic integration of small-genre texts enhances students’ pragmatic awareness, intercultural sensitivity, and communicative flexibility. Furthermore, the use of digital tools such as multimedia content and interactive platforms increases learner engagement and motivation. The study concludes that anecdotes and jokes should be treated not as supplementary materials but as core components of an innovative methodological system in foreign language teaching.

MPROVING THE QUALITY OF EQUILIBRIUM AMONG STUDENTS OF SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITIES WITH THE MEANS OF GYMNASTICS

2026-05-11T07:53:30+00:00

The purpose of this article is to substantiate the effectiveness of applying a set of exercises aimed at improving the quality of balance in students of various specialties. The results of the comparative analysis of balance indicators in students are presented using representatives of water sports and wrestling as examples. The effectiveness of applying coordination and acrobatic-oriented exercise complexes aimed at developing balance function and contributing to increasing the level of students' special physical fitness and the successful mastery of gymnastic element techniques has been experimentally substantiated.

THE INFLUENCE OF ABDURAUF FITRAT’S DRAMA ON LITERARY RELATIONS: A TRANSLATION AND POSTCOLONIAL PERSPECTIVE

2026-05-14T04:51:15+00:00

This article investigates the role of Abdurauf Fitrat’s dramatic works in shaping international literary relations through the combined lens of translation studies and postcolonial theory. Particular attention is paid to the English translations produced by Adeeb Khalid. Drawing on Lawrence Venuti’s model of domestication and foreignization and Homi K. Bhabha’s concept of cultural hybridity, the study applies qualitative textual analysis to selected passages from Fitrat’s drama. The findings demonstrate that translation operates as a form of ideological and cultural mediation, preserving semantic content while recontextualizing Central Asian intellectual traditions within global academic discourse. The article argues that translation plays a critical role in the discursive repositioning of marginalized literatures and contributes to the de-centering of Eurocentric literary hierarchies.

FOLK THEATRE - AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE CULTURAL LIFE OF JIZAKH REGION

2026-05-14T06:47:10+00:00

This article scientifically analyzes the process of the formation of theatrical art in Jizzakh region, the role of theatrical art in the spirituality of the population, cultural workers who have made a worthy contribution to the development of art, the process of the formation of the regional folk theater, its historical roots and stages of development, the artists who worked in it, and the works staged by them. Also, systematic information is provided about the role of folk theater in the regional cultural system, its impact on the spiritual life of the population, and the development trends of the theater. Historical sources, archival materials, and current regional publications were used during the research.

SEMANTIC NAMING OF UZBEK TRADITIONAL HEADWEAR (SCULLCAP)

2026-05-15T17:52:52+00:00

This study investigates the semantic mechanisms underlying the naming of traditional Uzbek headwear, particularly the doppi (skullcap). Using linguistic, ethnographic, and historical approaches, the research analyzes how metaphor, metonymy, and structural features influence terminology formation. The findings reveal that doppi names reflect not only physical characteristics but also cultural symbolism, regional identity, and social functions. The study contributes to the broader understanding of ethnolinguistics and the preservation of intangible cultural heritage.

INTEGRATING SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING (SEL) THROUGH THE “TRIPLE FOCUS” FRAMEWORK IN LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY

2026-05-17T06:53:09+00:00

This article explores how integrating Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) into language education, specifically using the HQLT (High Quality Learning and Teaching) method, the curriculum goes beyond the mechanics of grammar and employs the “Triple Focus” model of Inner, Other, and Outer Focus as a demonstration of how language lessons can address the systemic issues of the digital era. This approach increases students’ emotional awareness, enabling them to engage more effectively with the digital world, understand complex global connections, and become ethically active learners. When the process of language teaching is underpinned by emotional scaffolding and collaborative learning, it is proven that students not only excel in the classroom but also build the resilience and ethical foundation to thrive in the 21st century.

DIGITAL STORYTELLING TECHNOLOGY AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPING THE SPEECH COMPETENCE OF 5TH–6TH GRADE STUDENTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LESSONS

2026-05-11T07:02:40+00:00

The article explores the didactic potential of “Digital Storytelling” as a tool for the targeted development of speech competence in 5th and 6th-grade students during Russian language lessons in secondary schools of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The author clarifies the structure of speech competence relative to this age group and reveals the connection between students' narrative activities and the formation of monologic and dialogic speech, vocabulary enrichment, and the development of coherence and expressiveness in communication. The study presents a typology of digital storytelling tasks, differentiated by the level of linguistic autonomy. The results of the experimental teaching confirm a positive trend in the development of speech competence within the experimental classes.

IMPLEMENTING DIGITAL STORYTELLING FOR ADULTS IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM TO PROMOTE COLLABORATIVE CREATIVITY AND SDG 4 QUALITY EDUCATION

2026-05-11T08:24:08+00:00

The research paper is about implementing digital storytelling for adults in English as a foreign language classroom (EFL) at a tertiary education level in order to develop their collaborative creativity. The storytelling technique has been effectively used in education for a few decades to enhance critical thinking. The innovation in the research is shifting from traditional storytelling to digital storytelling, as it is a digital age and developments in technology lead students to improve their higher-order thinking skills (HOT) in an enjoyable manner. The process will not only focus on collaborative creativity in an EFL classroom but also promote digital literacy among students. The findings reveal that digital storytelling significantly enhances students’ collaborative creativity, communicative competence, and digital literacy through interactive and multimodal learning processes. The study also highlights the potential of this approach to support global educational priorities, particularly SDG 4, by promoting inclusive, student-centred, and skill-oriented language learning in higher education contexts.

ADVANTAGES AND RELIABILITY OF USING INTERNET NETWORKS IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION FOR STUDENT GYMNASTS

2026-05-14T05:45:20+00:00

The article describes the study of the advantages of using Internet networks in the process of self-learning of students of the 51/21- (control) and 52/21- (experimental) groups of the Uzbekistan State University of Physical Education and Sport "Gymnastics" specialty "Sports Gymnastics", as well as the impact of this process on the student's knowledge level. The results of the pedagogical experiment, the main statistical characteristics of the data recorded on the indicators learned during the experiment of both groups of students, the absolute and relative increases in their arithmetic mean values during the experiment, the results of assessing the statistical reliability of these absolute increases, and their discussion are presented.

MODERN UZBEK POETRY: POETIC CYCLES IN THE WORKS OF HALIMA KHUDOYBERDIYEVA

2026-05-14T08:56:00+00:00

This article examines the works of the poet Halima Khudoyberdiyeva, focusing on the scientific analysis of her poetic cycles. General information about the poet’s cycle poems is provided, and scholarly conclusions are drawn based on their analysis. In addition, selected examples from poems included in these cycles are presented in certain parts of the study.

DESIGNING THE FORMATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND CREATIVE POTENTIAL OF MODERN MASTER’S STUDENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

2026-05-15T18:43:05+00:00

The relevance of the studied problem lies in the research activity aimed at developing a model for the formation of scientific and creative potential of master’s students in higher education within the framework of a methodological approach. In order to integrate master’s students into the innovative educational environment of a higher education institution, it is necessary to unlock and develop their scientific and creative potential. The theory and practice of higher education pedagogy consider that the conceptual foundations of the process of forming the scientific and creative potential of master’s students are not sufficiently substantiated. Therefore, it is necessary to address the issues of developing a concept for the formation of master’s students’ scientific and creative potential. The aim of the study is to examine the theoretical and practical aspects of designing a model for the formation of scientific and creative potential of modern master’s students. Designing the formation of master’s students’ scientific and creative potential is considered a leading approach to studying this problem. To implement this design, the following approaches and principles were selected as the conceptual basis: systemic-target approach and the principles of consistency and goal-setting; personality-oriented approach and the principle of socio-cultural development; subject-oriented approach, which includes the principle of the subjectness of the individual; anthropological approach based on human nature, which includes the principles of eventfulness, conformity to nature and culture; synergetic-integrative approach and the principles of differentiation, synergy and integration; competence-based approach.

The subject-oriented approach, based on the principle of developing the subjectness of master’s students, is substantiated in this study as the leading methodological approach. The article provides a brief analytical description of the scientific works of foreign researchers on the issues of forming scientific and creative potential. The main results of the study are focused on designing the process of forming the scientific and creative potential of modern master’s students. Within this framework, indicative indicators (indicators) ensuring the effectiveness of this process have been developed, and the necessary conditions for the development of master’s students as subjects of scientific-research and scientific-practical activities have been substantiated. The theoretical and practical significance of the article is determined by the development of the main components of the formation of scientific and creative potential and their evaluation indicators within the framework of a methodological approach.

PSYCHOLINGUISTIC FEATURES OF DEVELOPING ORAL SPEECH IN FRENCH

2026-05-11T07:39:13+00:00

The development of oral speech in French as a foreign language is not merely a linguistic task; it is also a psycholinguistic and pedagogical process that involves perception, memory, attention, internal speech, motivation, and self-regulation. This article examines the psycholinguistic foundations of oral speech development with particular attention to the relationship between listening and speaking, the distinction between receptive and productive speech activity, and the cognitive mechanisms that underlie oral production. Drawing on foreign-language teaching methodology and psycholinguistic research, the article discusses the principles of verbalization and correlation, the transition from knowledge to skill and from skill to communicative competence, and the role of inner speech in the formation of coherent external speech. Special emphasis is placed on the stages of speech production, including conceptual planning, linguistic encoding, and articulation, as well as on transfer and interference in Uzbek learners of French. The article argues that successful oral development requires not only knowledge of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, but also systematic classroom practice that supports confidence, automaticity, self-monitoring, and meaningful communication.

THE ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC FUNCTION OF SYNONYMY IN LANGUAGE

2026-05-11T15:57:18+00:00

This article analyzes the role of synonymy within the lexico-semantic layer of the language system and its aesthetic functions in literary texts. The author interprets synonymy not merely as a system of meanings but as a "field of choice" that realizes the author's image-making strategy and pragmatic intent. The article highlights the connotative properties of synonyms, semantic gradation, individualization of character speech, and their role in ensuring the cohesion of literary texts, illustrated with examples from the Uzbek language.

ENHANCING LISTENING COMPREHENSION THROUGH AI-BASED MULTIMEDIA TOOLS

2026-05-14T06:38:13+00:00

This study explores the effectiveness of AI-based multimedia tools in enhancing listening comprehension among learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). In the context of rapid technological advancement, artificial intelligence has increasingly been integrated into educational environments, transforming traditional language learning into a more adaptive, interactive, and learner-centered process. Unlike conventional approaches, AI-powered tools offer personalized learning pathways, immediate feedback, and exposure to authentic audio-visual materials, which are essential for developing listening skills. The research employs a quasi-experimental design involving two groups of university students: an experimental group that engaged with AI-driven multimedia platforms and a control group that received traditional instruction based on textbooks and teacher-led activities. Over the course of the study, participants in the experimental group interacted with a variety of digital resources, including speech recognition systems, interactive videos, and adaptive listening tasks designed to match their proficiency levels. The findings indicate that learners who utilized AI-based multimedia tools demonstrated significantly improved listening comprehension, particularly in understanding natural speech, identifying key information, and adapting to different accents and speaking speeds. Moreover, these learners reported higher levels of motivation, confidence, and engagement compared to their peers in the control group. The results also suggest that the multimodal nature of AI tools—combining visual, auditory, and interactive elements—contributes to deeper cognitive processing and more effective retention of information.

LINGUISTIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ERGONYMS IN THE TOPONYMIC SYSTEM

2026-05-14T09:56:16+00:00

This article analyzes the concept of "ergonym"—the names of organizations, enterprises, and institutions—within the field of linguistics, focusing on their essence and etymological origins. Furthermore, it presents scientific reflections on the role of this concept within both global and Uzbek linguistics.

SPECIAL PHYSICAL TRAINING IN SUMMER BIATHLON: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A COMPREHENSIVE 12-WEEK PROGRAM IN YOUNG ATHLETES

2026-05-15T19:19:58+00:00

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive special physical training program in summer biathlon aimed at developing special endurance, speed-strength qualities, postural stability at the firing line, and shooting accuracy after load. The study involved 24 biathletes aged 16–18 years, divided into an experimental group (n = 12) and a control group (n = 12). The pedagogical experiment lasted 12 weeks during the preparatory period. The experimental program included a larger volume of specific work on roller skis on terrain close to competitive conditions, combined "load-shooting" exercises, speed-strength training of the shoulder girdle and core stabilizer muscles, as well as breathing and postural exercises at the firing line. Methods: analysis of scientific literature, pedagogical observation, control testing, heart rate monitoring, and methods of mathematical statistics. It was found that after the experiment, athletes in the experimental group improved their results in the comprehensive test by 6.9%, in the control test "6 km on roller skis with a rifle" by 4.7%, shooting accuracy after load by 16.3%, time spent at the firing line decreased by 9.2%, and heart rate after 1 minute of recovery decreased by 9.4%. The improvements were statistically significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.001–0.013). The obtained data confirm the high effectiveness of a targeted combination of specific cyclic, speed-strength, and shooting training in the summer biathlon system.

THE IMPORTANCE OF IMPROVING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH ROLE PLAYING GAMES

2026-05-11T06:54:29+00:00

This article aims to highlight the methods of developing students' speaking skills through role-playing games. Role-playing games are considered an effective and innovative method for developing speaking skills in English lessons. By using role-playing games in practical exercises, teachers create the necessary opportunities for students to feel free and use the language in practice. Implementing such games into the learning process make students develop language skills and use the language in real communication. By involving language learners in role-playing games, teachers create great opportunities for students to feel free and use the language in practice. The article provides information about the importance of role-playing games in language teaching and their effective results.

INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT

2026-05-11T08:12:29+00:00

The article presents an analytical approach based on theoretical foundations and international experience regarding the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of marketing strategies in higher education institutions, their development, and practical implementation. The study systematically examines the importance of collaborative management in developing and implementing prospective marketing strategies within educational institutions, as well as the key indicators used to assess their effectiveness — including student recruitment rate, brand reputation, digital marketing metrics, financial outcomes, and the Net Promoter Score (NPS) index.

METHODOLOGY OF IMPROVING TECHNICAL PREPAREDNESS OF HANDBALL PLAYERS IN THE ANNUAL TRAINING CYCLE: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

2026-05-14T05:16:02+00:00

This study examines the development and implementation of a methodology for improving the technical preparedness of 15–17-year-old handball players during the annual training cycle. A pedagogical experiment was conducted over the 2023–2024 academic year involving control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) groups drawn from the educational-training stage of a sports school. Baseline anthropometric and physical fitness indicators showed no statistically significant intergroup differences (p>0.05), confirming the validity of the experimental design. Functional states of athletes were monitored using the "First Beat" technology, providing real-time heart-rate and energy expenditure data. A three-block specialised exercise complex was developed for goalkeeper technical training, covering ball-catching, lateral diving, footwork, penalty-shot repulsion, and decision-making under time pressure. In addition, an annual periodisation plan encompassing preparatory, competitive, and transition periods was constructed and applied. The experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all technical performance indicators compared to the control group by the conclusion of the study cycle. The findings confirm that structured, periodised technical training integrated with functional monitoring yields superior outcomes in youth handball goalkeeper development.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RENAMING OF MAHALLAS IN JIZZAKH REGION: CURRENT CHANGES

2026-05-14T08:36:17+00:00

The transformation path of mahallas and citizens' assemblies of Jizzakh region during the independence period has been studied from a historical-analytical perspective. The research covers the history of the formation of citizens' assemblies in the region, their demographic composition, boundary changes, and renaming processes. In particular, the 1992 process of replacing Soviet-era ideological names with names reflecting national values is analysed in detail. Furthermore, socio-economic changes carried out under the "Obod Qishloq" and "Obod Mahalla" state programmes, as well as the development dynamics of mahallas in Arnasoy, G'allaorol, Yangiobod districts and Jizzakh city, are examined. The research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role and significance of the mahalla institution in Uzbekistan's social governance system.

THE USE OF ARCHAIC LEXIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES IN THE BALOGARDON EPISODE

2026-05-15T18:35:11+00:00

This article analyzes the use of archaic lexicon, its semantic features and historical and cultural significance using the example of the epic “Balogardon” (1986) written down by Fozil Yuldash oglu. The study sheds light on the formation, development and functional role of archaic words in the literary text. The results show that archaic lexicon, along with increasing the artistic and aesthetic value of the epic, is an important source in studying the historical development of the Uzbek language.

DYNAMICS OF THE FORMATION OF TECHNICAL PREPARATION IN MIDDLE-DISTANCE RUNNERS

2026-05-11T07:31:34+00:00

This article presents the dynamics of technical training development for track and field athletes specializing in middle-distance running, assessed through pedagogical tests, and the effectiveness of the applied research methods. Suggestions and recommendations are provided for improving the technical training of middle-distance runners in the training group from the Aral Sea region of Karakalpakstan. A comparative analysis of the special physical training results for the experimental and control groups at the beginning of the study is presented, and scientific conclusions are formulated based on the obtained data.

A SYNERGETIC MOBILE ESP MODEL FOR BIOCHEMISTRY STUDENTS

2026-05-11T15:15:28+00:00

This study proposes a synergetic Mobile English for Specific Purposes (ESP) model designed for biochemistry students in higher education. The research integrates mobile-assisted language learning (MALL), subject-specific vocabulary acquisition, and collaborative digital learning strategies. Using an IMRAD framework, the study examines the effectiveness of mobile-based learning tools in improving students’ academic English proficiency, scientific communication skills, and motivation. A mixed methods research design was employed involving pre and post tests, surveys, and classroom observations among undergraduate biochemistry students. Results indicate that the synergetic mobile ESP model significantly improved students’ reading comprehension, scientific writing, and oral presentation skills. The findings suggest that mobile technology enhances learner autonomy, promotes contextual vocabulary learning, and supports interdisciplinary knowledge integration.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FANTASY WORLD-BUILDING IN ENGLISH, POLISH, RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LITERATURE

2026-05-14T06:26:18+00:00

This article presents a comparative analysis of fantasy world-building in English, Polish, Uzbek, and Russian literature from a linguistic and linguocultural perspective. The study examines the genre-specific features of fantasy, including its supernatural setting, mythological foundations, and system of magical elements. Particular attention is paid to the nominative system, conceptual structures, and discourse mechanisms that shape imaginary worlds in the works of authors such as J.R.R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, Andrzej Sapkowski, Maria Semenova, and Khudoyberdi Tukhtaboyev. The research highlights how linguistic means—such as neologisms, mythologically motivated names, and magical vocabulary—function as key tools in constructing fictional realities. The findings demonstrate both universal and culture-specific patterns in fantasy texts, showing that while English fantasy tends toward complex linguistic modeling, Uzbek and Russian traditions incorporate strong folkloric and mythological elements. The study confirms that fantasy discourse represents a unique linguistic system reflecting cultural worldview, narrative logic, and symbolic meaning.

DETERMINATION OF TRANS FATTY ACID ISOMERS IN LOCAL RAW MILK BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

2026-05-14T09:35:50+00:00

Trans fatty acids (trans isomers) are important lipid components in food products, and their impact on human health and significance from a food safety perspective are substantial. This study aims to identify and quantify the trans fatty acid isomers in a local raw milk sample using gas chromatography (GC-FID).

For analysis, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were prepared and analyzed using a high-polarity capillary column designed to separate cis and trans isomers. Chromatographic analysis identified two main trans isomers, which were identified based on their retention times: elaidic acid (C18:1 trans-9) - at 46.98 min and 1.547%, and linolelaidic acid (C18:2 trans) - at 48.28 min and 3.137%. The total trans fatty acid content was 4.684%.

The results obtained showed that the trans fatty acids in milk are primarily of natural origin and are associated with the biohydrogenation process that occurs in ruminant animals. The applied GC-FID method is characterized by high accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability in detecting trans isomers in complex food matrices. The research findings have significant scientific and practical importance for monitoring trans fatty acids in dairy products and for assessing food safety.

A METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZING THE SPECIALIZED PRE-COMPETITION PHYSICAL TRAINING OF SKILLED VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

2026-05-15T19:10:10+00:00

This article provides a detailed analysis of methodological approaches aimed at improving the specialized physical conditioning of elite volleyball players during their pre-competition training period. It also examines the factors that ensure the effectiveness of these approaches, along with ways to plan and optimize the training process. Furthermore, scientifically-based load planning, the application of an individualized approach, the effective organization of recovery processes, and regular monitoring of athletes' functional state are considered as crucial factors. The research findings indicate that the developed optimized methodology significantly enhances athletes' physical fitness, reduces the risk of injury, and ensures consistently high results during competition. Furthermore, it was determined that using a set of exercises focused on specialized physical training during the pre-competition preparation phase markedly improves volleyball players' speed, jumping ability, and endurance.

KHOREZM TURKIC AND ITS HISTORICAL-LINGUISTIC FEATURES: FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND SCHOLARLY INTERPRETATIONS

2026-05-11T06:46:49+00:00

This article examines the historical-linguistic features of Khorezm Turkic, focusing on its formation, development, and scholarly interpretations within the broader context of Turkic language history. It traces the linguistic situation of the Khorezm region from the ancient period, when Eastern Iranian languages predominated, to the gradual process of Turkification between the 11th and 13th centuries. Particular attention is given to the emergence of Khorezm Turkic as a mixed linguistic system shaped by the interaction of Karakhanid, Oghuz, and Kipchak elements, reflecting the complex ethnic composition of the region. The study highlights the role of Khorezm as a major cultural and literary center, especially during the Golden Horde period, and its contribution to the development of a new written Turkic language within the Kipchak branch. It also discusses the transitional nature of Khorezm Turkic between Karakhanid and Chagatai Turkic, emphasizing its significance as a distinct stage of the Middle Turkic period. Various scholarly perspectives—particularly those of Bartold, Samoylovich, Köprülü, and others—are analyzed to demonstrate differing approaches to periodization and classification. Furthermore, the article addresses debates concerning the linguistic attribution of key literary monuments and introduces the concept of “Khorezm–Golden Horde Turkic” as a unified historical-linguistic framework. It argues that, due to the lack of clearly defined criteria distinguishing these closely related linguistic layers, a comprehensive and comparative approach is necessary. Overall, the study underscores the importance of Khorezm Turkic in bridging earlier and later stages of Turkic literary language development and in shaping the foundations of classical Chagatai.

THE PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF HYPERBOLE IN SOCIAL MEDIA

2026-05-11T08:04:57+00:00

In the rapidly evolving landscape of digital communication, hyperbole has become one of the most frequently used figurative devices on social media platforms. This study examined the pragmatic functions of hyperbole in online discourse, aiming to understand how exaggeration serves as a dynamic tool for meaning construction, emotional expression, and interpersonal interaction in constrained digital environments. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving the compilation of a corpus of 4,850 hyperbolic instances collected from X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and TikTok between 2024 and 2025. Data were analyzed through qualitative pragmatic discourse analysis informed by Relevance Theory, combined with quantitative techniques including chi-square tests and logistic regression. The results revealed that hyperbole primarily functions as emotional intensification (42.3%), humor enhancement (28.7%), and sarcasm signaling (19.5%), with significant platform-specific patterns: sarcasm dominated on X, emotional amplification on Instagram, and humor on TikTok. Multimodal cues such as hashtags and emojis were found to strongly influence pragmatic interpretation. This study concludes that hyperbole operates as a flexible, context-sensitive pragmatic resource that enables efficient stance-taking and relevance optimization in social media. The findings contribute to pragma-stylistics and digital pragmatics by bridging traditional figurative language research with contemporary online communication practices and offer practical implications for digital literacy, content moderation, and sentiment analysis tools.

CONTEXT-DEPENDENT ANTONYMY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK DISCOURSE: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH

2026-05-14T05:05:04+00:00

This article investigates the pragmatic characteristics of contextual antonymy in English and Uzbek discourse. Unlike canonical antonyms that exist as fixed lexical pairs, contextual antonyms arise dynamically within specific communicative situations and depend on pragmatic interpretation. The study aims to examine how oppositional meanings are constructed in discourse and how speakers of English and Uzbek employ such contrasts to fulfill communicative intentions. The research applies a qualitative comparative approach, analyzing examples from literary texts, media sources, and natural conversations. The findings demonstrate that contextual antonymy is heavily influenced by discourse context, speaker intention, and cultural norms. While both languages share common pragmatic mechanisms, English discourse tends to express contrast explicitly through lexical markers, whereas Uzbek discourse frequently relies on implicit strategies and contextual inference. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interaction between semantics and pragmatics in cross-linguistic perspective.

ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL ACTIONS OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED FEMALE KARATE WKF ATHLETES IN THE COMPETITIVE PROCESS

2026-05-14T08:28:54+00:00

This article analyzes the technical and tactical actions of elite female athletes during the competition process. The study examined the combat activity of elite female karateka, specifically winners of international competitions, highlighting the effectiveness of their offensive, counter-attacking, defensive, and combination movements. Based on the results obtained, practical recommendations have been developed, which can positively impact the training process when implemented in training sessions. Furthermore, the article attempts to clearly present an analysis of data from specialists regarding the preparation of female karateka. A comparative study of technical-tactical actions was conducted based on statistical analysis.

EFFECTIVENESS OF A SPECIALIZED BLOCK-BASED TRAINING MODEL FOR DEVELOPING PHYSICAL FITNESS OF SCHOOL-AGE ATHLETES THROUGH WEIGHTLIFTING

2026-05-15T18:26:41+00:00

The systematic and evidence-based development of physical fitness in school-age athletes constitutes a priority challenge in contemporary sports pedagogy. Rapid morphofunctional changes occurring during adolescence demand a carefully calibrated approach to training load, exercise selection, and recovery management, as improper programming during this critical developmental window may result in overuse injuries, stunted growth adaptation, or long-term athletic burnout. Weightlifting exercises have been scientifically validated as an effective multimodal training stimulus for this population, simultaneously targeting neuromuscular coordination, explosive power, postural control, and bone mineral density. Nevertheless, integrated training models that coherently combine technical prescription, physiological rationale, progressive overload principles, and individualized intensity parameters remain insufficiently represented in the existing literature.

THE NECESSITY AND PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIC COMPETENCE OF FACULTY MEMBERS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

2026-05-11T07:15:00+00:00

This article analyzes the economic competence of university professors and instructors within the context of the transformation of modern higher education institutions. In particular, it elucidates the role of academic staff from the perspectives of the “third mission”, innovative activities, startup ecosystems, investment attractiveness, and the commercialization of educational services.

THE FORMATION OF PARADIGMS OF MORPHOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE HELP OF SEMANTICS INTENSIFICATION/DEINTENSIFICATION

2026-05-11T08:36:11+00:00

It is known, in the adjective, verb and number categories, there are also special morphemes (specific to these categories) used to weaken the meaning, but in adjectives, weakening the meaning of the word is more related to the degree of quality. The grammatical category associated with intensity/deintensity in morphology is the category of degrees of quality. Various views have been put forward in linguistics about the semantic-morphological nature of this category. Since this category is directly related to our research, we will dwell on it in detail and show our attitude to various views.

DYNAMICS OF INTEGRAL TRAINING OF YOUNG COMBAT ATHLETES IN THE PROCESS OF TRAINING SESSIONS (USING THE EXAMPLE OF KURASH AND FENCING)

2026-05-14T06:12:43+00:00

This article focuses on muscle performance in terms of strength and tone during the training process in kurash and fencing.

RESEARCH COMPETENCE AS A KEY COMPONENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL PROFILE OF FUTURE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS

2026-05-14T09:21:52+00:00

In the context of globalization, digital transformation, and competence-based educational reform, the professional profile of the future English language teacher is becoming increasingly multidimensional. The modern English teacher is no longer expected to function only as a transmitter of linguistic knowledge, but also as a facilitator of learning, a reflective practitioner, a researcher, a mentor, and an agent of pedagogical innovation. This article examines the characteristic features of the professiogram of the future English language teacher and argues that research competence should be treated as one of its core components. Also, special attention is paid to the role of research competence in linking theoretical knowledge with classroom practice, strengthening professional identity, and supporting continuous professional development.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DEVELOPING CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

2026-05-15T18:58:26+00:00

This article analyzes the theoretical-pedagogical foundations and structural components of developing cultural competence in future primary school teachers. Alongside core and professional competencies, the role of cultural competence and its significance in the era of globalization are highlighted in the formation of a teacher's personality. During the research, the rich spiritual heritage of our people—including folklore, national customs, traditions, and rituals, as well as the scientific and educational works of our great ancestors—are established as the primary sources for forming cultural competence. The analysis presented in the article serves to prepare future educators in the spirit of national values and to develop their cross-cultural communication skills.

ANTHROPOCENTRIC ANALYSIS OF LINGUOCOGNITIVE AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF WOMEN’S SPEECH

2026-05-11T02:49:58+00:00

The analysis is based on qualitative and comparative methods, combining discourse analysis with pragmalinguistic and linguocognitive approaches. Particular attention is given to extralinguistic factors such as social hierarchy, emotional state, and cultural expectations, which often influence speech behavior. The findings show that women’s speech frequently involves hesitation, mitigation, and implicit meaning, which can sometimes lead to misunderstanding. However, these features should not be seen as weaknesses, but rather as flexible communicative strategies that help speakers adapt to complex social situations.

MODERN METHODS FOR DEVELOPING PHYSICAL QUALITIES IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

2026-05-11T07:57:15+00:00

This article analyzes modern methods for developing the physical qualities of volleyball players - strength, agility, endurance, speed, and flexibility. The study examined the effectiveness of innovative approaches aimed at improving the physical fitness of athletes, including functional exercises, interval training, pliometric exercises, and training organized on the basis of an individual approach. The interconnection of physical qualities in ensuring the rapid and precise execution of movements characteristic of volleyball game activities has also been scientifically substantiated. Research results show that the comprehensive use of modern methods significantly enhances the general and special physical fitness of athletes and improves game efficiency.

DETERMINING KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGIES OF A MOVING BODY VIRTUAL LABORATORY

2026-05-14T04:56:36+00:00

This article studies the relationship between kinetic energy, potential energy and total mechanical energy. Also, the study of the law of conservation of energy. The processes of studying the effect of friction on energy are demonstrated using the Energy Skate Park Simulation (PhET Simulation) virtual laboratory work on a computer or smartphone via the Internet system.

INTERTEXTUAL TRANSLATION FROM THE STANDPOINT OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: TRANSLATOR INTERVENTION AND ACTIVISM

2026-05-14T06:50:53+00:00

This article examines intertextual translation from the perspectives of social psychology and intercultural communication, with a particular focus on translator intervention and activism. Using a qualitative multi-case research design, the study analyzes how translators employ intertextual and paratextual strategies to construct meaning, negotiate identities, and engage in socio-political action. The findings demonstrate that translation is not merely a linguistic process but a socially embedded practice shaped by cultural interaction, power relations, and ideological positioning. Intertextual references, paratextual elements, and digital communication tools are shown to function as key mechanisms for expressing activism, managing risks, and fostering collective identities. The study integrates theoretical frameworks from translation studies, sociology, and social psychology, highlighting the role of acculturation, social identity, and collective action in shaping translator behavior. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of translation as an active, ethically situated, and politically engaged practice in contemporary global contexts.

INTEGRATING DIGITAL GAMIFICATION IN ESL INSTRUCTION: IMPROVING VOCABULARY RETENTION AND LEARNER ENGAGEMENT

2026-05-15T17:57:08+00:00

The integration of digital gamification into English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to enhance vocabulary retention and learner engagement. This study investigates the effectiveness of gamified digital tools in improving vocabulary acquisition among ESL learners. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining classroom observation, learner questionnaires, and pre- and post-vocabulary tests. The findings reveal that gamification significantly increases student motivation, engagement, and long-term vocabulary retention. Learners exposed to gamified applications demonstrated higher achievement scores compared to those taught through traditional methods. The study concludes that gamified digital instruction creates an interactive and learner-centered environment that supports cognitive retention and active participation in vocabulary learning.

A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S ROLES AND CHARACTERISTICS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LITERARY WORKS

2026-05-11T07:06:40+00:00

This study explores the representation of women’s roles and characteristics in Uzbek and English literary traditions through a cross-cultural perspective. The research aims to identify similarities and differences in the depiction of female characters, focusing on cultural values, social expectations, identity formation, and gender roles. A qualitative comparative method is applied to analyze selected literary texts from both traditions. The findings indicate that Uzbek literature predominantly emphasizes traditional female roles such as motherhood, loyalty, and moral integrity, whereas English literature presents more diverse and individualistic female identities. However, both traditions highlight women’s emotional strength and resilience. The study concludes that cultural context significantly shapes literary representations of women while also revealing shared universal values.

CULTURAL AND COGNITIVE FOUNDATIONS OF VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS

2026-05-11T08:28:14+00:00

This article is devoted to the study of cultural and cognitive foundations of verbal phraseological units in linguistics. It examines the theoretical approaches to phraseology with a particular focus on verb-based phraseological expressions and their role in representing cultural knowledge. The research highlights that verbal phraseological units are not only linguistic structures but also carriers of national mentality and worldview. Special attention is given to the interaction between language, cognition, and culture in the formation and usage of such expressions. The article analyzes English and Uzbek verbal phraseological units and identifies their similarities and differences from a linguacultural perspective. Moreover, the study discusses how metaphor, imagery, and cultural symbols are embedded in phraseological units. It also explores the cognitive mechanisms underlying their comprehension and usage in speech. The findings show that verbal phraseological units reflect cultural identity, collective experience, and conceptualization of reality. The article concludes that studying phraseological units contributes significantly to understanding intercultural communication and linguistic worldview.

LINGUA-DIDACTIC PRINCIPLES FOR ENHANCING STUDENT LEARNING IN THE CREDIT-MODULE SYSTEM

2026-05-14T05:51:06+00:00

This article examines the application of lingua-didactic principles for enhancing student learning in the credit-module system of higher education. The credit-module framework, which emphasizes flexibility, transparency, and student-centeredness, requires effective didactic and methodological support. Lingua-didactics provides a solid theoretical foundation for improving language learning, developing communicative competence, and organizing independent study activities. The study argues that integrating lingua-didactic principles into the credit-module system promotes learner autonomy, critical thinking, and academic mobility while ensuring alignment with international standards of higher education. The findings suggest that such integration not only improves educational outcomes but also contributes to the professional growth of students and the modernization of higher education.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ASSESSING SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2026-05-14T09:10:12+00:00

This study analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of assessing school students' academic achievements based on artificial intelligence. In the context of the modern digital educational environment, improving the assessment process and enhancing its accuracy, transparency, and efficiency is considered a pressing issue. From this perspective, the study explores the potential of artificial intelligence technologies in the educational process and the ways of integrating them into the assessment system. The work scientifically substantiates approaches aimed at the comprehensive assessment of students' individual characteristics, cognitive activity, and learning outcomes. Furthermore, the principles, criteria, and indicators for developing assessment models based on artificial intelligence are defined. Within the framework of the study, mechanisms of adaptive assessment, automated testing, forecasting, and personalized learning support are analyzed. As a result, an innovative model for assessing students’ academic achievements in school education is proposed, and its theoretical and practical significance is justified. This approach serves to improve the quality of education, optimize the learning process, and shape the individual development trajectory of students.

A COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING METHODOLOGY FOR THE TRAINING SYSTEM OF ELITE PARA-TAEKWONDO ATHLETES

2026-05-15T18:47:06+00:00

This article presents a five-stage comprehensive monitoring methodology specifically designed for the training system of elite para-taekwondo athletes competing at national and international levels. The study was conducted between 2022 and 2024 and involved 18 elite para-taekwondo athletes (8 female, 10 male; aged 18–32 years) classified under World Taekwondo Para regulations across the K40, K44, and K46 impairment categories. During the study, an integrated set of indicators was developed to enable the simultaneous assessment of physical, technical, tactical, and psychological preparedness within a unified evaluative framework. Physical fitness was assessed through standardized sport-pedagogical testing protocols, while technical readiness was evaluated using high-speed video analysis at up to 240 frames per second, enabling precise biomechanical measurement of movement accuracy and coordination. Tactical preparedness was examined through simulation-based chronometric testing, with a threshold standard of 1.5 seconds established for competitive decision-making response time — an indicator found to correlate significantly with match outcomes (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). Psychological readiness was evaluated using validated psychodiagnostic instruments, including the SAQ questionnaire and the Spielberger–Hanin anxiety scales, administered at each monitoring stage.

LEXICAL CHARACYERISTICS OF HYPONYMY IN LINGUISTICS

2026-05-11T07:43:15+00:00

This study examines the lexical characteristics of hyponymy in linguistics, focusing on its structural, semantic, and hierarchical properties within lexical relations. Hyponymy is a fundamental semantic relation that organizes vocabulary into taxonomic hierarchies, where a more specific term (hyponym) is included within a broader category (hypernym). The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach based on semantic analysis of lexical items in English. The findings reveal that hyponymy plays a crucial role in lexical organization, conceptual categorization, and meaning extension. It also contributes significantly to vocabulary acquisition, discourse coherence, and cognitive structuring of knowledge. The study concludes that hyponymy is an essential component of lexical semantics that enhances both linguistic theory and applied linguistics practices.

A COMPARATIVE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS EXPRESSING HUMAN QUALITIES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

2026-05-11T16:43:00+00:00

This article analyzes the comparative-semantic features of phraseological units expressing human qualities in the English and Uzbek languages. The study examines the semantic structure of phraseological units expressing both positive and negative human qualities based on the materials of the two languages, as well as their semantic groups and their role in the language system. In addition, semantic components such as evaluation, emotionality, and expressiveness reflected in phraseological units are comparatively analyzed. The results of the study reveal the common and national-cultural features of phraseological units in English and Uzbek and highlight the specific characteristics of phraseological means used to express human qualities. The findings of the research have significant theoretical and practical importance for studies in comparative linguistics, phraseology, and linguoculturology.

CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPING DIGITAL EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION

2026-05-14T06:42:12+00:00

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role and significance of emotional intelligence in the educational process. The structural components of emotional intelligence—self-awareness, emotion regulation, empathy, motivation, and social skills—are examined in close connection with the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the learning process. The study substantiates, based on scientific evidence, the role of emotional intelligence in developing students’ intrinsic motivation, optimizing the socio-psychological climate in the classroom, and enhancing the effectiveness of pedagogical communication. In addition, the consequences of insufficient emotional intelligence in modern educational environments—such as psychological strain, stress, and barriers to development—are specifically addressed. The article proposes effective approaches for developing emotional intelligence, including pedagogical technologies, training methods, reflective practices, and strategies for improving teachers’ emotional intelligence competencies. The findings indicate that when emotional intelligence is well-developed among both students and educators, positive interpersonal relationships are formed, significantly increasing the overall effectiveness of the educational process

OPPOSITIONS OF SYNTHETIC FORMS IN INFLECTIONAL LANGUAGES AND THEIR NEUTRALIZATION

2026-05-15T17:49:37+00:00

This article analyzes the conflicts of synthetic forms in inflectional languages and their linguistic nature. It examines how polysemy, the fusion of grammatical categories, and historical development lead to structural conflicts within synthetic forms. The study also explores the mechanisms of neutralization of these conflicts through contextual, syntactic, and analytical means. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the morphological system of inflectional languages.

METHODS OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2026-05-17T06:35:40+00:00

This article examines scientifically and methodologically grounded ways of developing students’ speaking skills through artificial intelligence technologies in foreign language education, particularly in the process of teaching English. In today’s digital learning environment, the formation of oral communicative competence should not be limited to traditional classroom exercises. It needs to be enriched with individual, interactive and continuous technology-supported communication. From this perspective, AI-based chatbots, automatic speech recognition systems, pronunciation assessment applications, virtual interlocutors and adaptive learning platforms are becoming effective tools for improving students’ speaking performance. The article discusses the didactic potential of these technologies, their methodological advantages, stages of integration into classroom practice, and the possible challenges that may arise in their use. Special attention is paid to teacher supervision, academic integrity, personal data protection and the need to preserve students’ independent thinking when artificial intelligence tools are used in the learning process.

PROPER NAMES AS LINGUOCULTURAL REALIA: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LITERARY TEXTS

2026-05-11T06:58:15+00:00

This paper examines proper names as a specific type of linguocultural realia in translation between English and Uzbek literary texts. Proper names often carry cultural, historical, and social meanings that go beyond simple identification, making their translation particularly challenging. The study aims to analyze how different translation strategies are applied to render proper names and how these strategies affect the transfer of cultural meaning. A qualitative comparative approach is used, based on selected literary examples. The findings show that transliteration, adaptation, and descriptive rendering are the most common strategies. While transliteration preserves form, it may obscure meaning, whereas adaptation and explanation improve understanding but can alter cultural nuances.

TEACHING ENGLISH TO NON-PHILOLOGICAL STUDENTS: CHALLENGES AND EFFECTIVE PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES

2026-05-11T08:17:35+00:00

Teaching English to non-philological students has become increasingly important in the context of globalization and professional communication. Unlike students majoring in linguistics or philology, non-specialists often view English as a supplementary subject, which can negatively affect motivation and learning outcomes. This study aims to identify key challenges in teaching English to non-philological students and to evaluate effective pedagogical strategies that enhance language acquisition. The research adopts a qualitative approach based on classroom observations and analysis of existing literature. The findings indicate that integrating English for Specific Purposes (ESP), task-based learning, and multimedia tools significantly improves students’ engagement and communicative competence. The study concludes that a student-centered and context-based approach is essential for successful language instruction in non-philological contexts.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING AND INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE IN TOURISM EDUCATION: PESRPECTIVES OF UZBEK UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ON INDONESIA

2026-05-14T05:41:01+00:00

This study investigates how English language learning shapes the intercultural communication competence of undergraduate students enrolled in English and Tourism programs at Chirchik State Pedagogical University in Uzbekistan. Drawing on semi-structured interview data collected from twenty participants, the research explores students’ attitudes towards foreign cultures – with a particular focus on Indonesia their skills in cross-cultural discovery and interpretation and their awareness of cultural stereotypes. Qualitative thematic analysis reveals that English functions as a primary gateway through which students access cultural information, form international friendships by social media and develop a willingness to challenge cultural biases. Participants demonstrate a general openness towards Indonesian culture, noting shared Islamic values and an appreciation for cultural diversity, while acknowledging significant gaps in vocabulary, cultural knowledge and direct interaction with Indonesians. The fingdings point to the need for curricula that integrate authentic intercultural materials, role-play simulations and exchange programs. The article concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing intercultural communication instruction within Ubek higher education and argues that strengthening the Uzbekistan – Indonesia bilateral relationships in education and tourism could benefit both nations.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RENAMING OF MAHALLAS IN JIZZAKH REGION: CURRENT CHANGES

2026-05-14T08:48:45+00:00

THE LAYERS OF MEANING OF THE IMAGE OF ZULF IN THE WORKS OF HAFIZ KHOREZMI

2026-05-15T18:39:02+00:00

This article comprehensively analyzes the artistic and symbolic meanings of the image of “zulf” in the work of Hafiz Khorezmi. The introduction highlights the specific features of Hafiz’s ghazals and the importance of images and symbols in classical Eastern poetry. Comparative-analytical and semantic approaches were used as research methods, in which the use of the “zulf” motif was studied based on selected ghazal verses. The results show that in Hafiz’s poetry, the image of “zulf” is not only an expression of external beauty, but also a complex symbol that embodies divine love, secrets, and the inner spiritual experiences of the lover. Its mystical interpretations are also revealed, justifying the fact that “zulf” means the hidden and mysterious essence of divine truth. In the discussion section, the artistic, aesthetic and philosophical aspects of this image are analyzed within the framework of classical literary traditions and a conclusion is drawn.

PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR COACH-MENTORS IN TEAM SPORTS

2026-05-11T07:35:29+00:00

This article reveals the moral qualities of young people, such as patriotism, national pride, duty, conscience, mutual respect and dignity, which play a leading role not only in their personal development, but also in maintaining a clean and stable psychological climate in our society.

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE POPULATION OF BAKHMAL DISTRICT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTURAL SPHERE IN THE LAST 10 YEARS BEFORE INDEPENDENCE

2026-05-11T15:19:44+00:00

Bakhmal district is a territory located in Jizzakh region. This article provides information on the socio-economic sectors of Bakhmal district during the 10 years before independence, including agriculture, the implementation of annual plans implemented in it among state farms included in the district, the level of implementation of tasks in the livestock sector, as well as the contribution of the population to the development of metallurgy, which is considered part of economic security, and what activities were organized for the population in cultural spheres, and the exchange of cultural experiences with other regions, along with the achievements achieved, some of the shortcomings observed. In this regard, the state of social security provided to the elderly and war veterans, who are considered among the most vulnerable segments of the population, was analyzed.

THE PHENOMENON OF BINARY OPPOSITION IN THE HYDRONYMS OF THE JIZZAKH REGION

2026-05-14T06:31:38+00:00

This article examines the phenomenon of binary opposition, as well as the principles of positivity and negativity, in the hydronyms of the Jizzakh region. The naming principles and linguistic features of water bodies located within the region - such as rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, mudflow reservoirs, irrigation canals (aryks), springs, canals, and pumping stations - are analyzed.

The study highlights the importance of investigating hydronyms in relation to the history, geography, natural environment, hydrology, and etymology of the region. The hydronyms of the Jizzakh region are analyzed from a scientific perspective.

Furthermore, based on a comprehensive study of the field of onomastics and its main branches - toponymy and hydronymy - conclusions and recommendations are provided regarding the necessity of conducting semantic, lexical, and etymological analysis of hydronyms in the Jizzakh region.

ENHANCING STUDENTS' COMMUNICATIVE ENGAGEMENT THROUGH THE USE OF GAMIFICATION ELEMENTS

2026-05-14T09:52:22+00:00

This research paper examines the effectiveness of using gamification elements to enhance student communicative engagement. In the educational process, gamification applies game elements to increase motivation, foster interaction, critical thinking, and teamwork skills among students. Elements such as points, rankings, badges, levels, and challenges encourage active participation from students. Studies show that gamification plays a key role in boosting student motivation and involvement. The successful implementation of this approach improves the interactive communication between students and instructors and enhances academic outcomes.

EQUIVALENCE AND NON-EQUIVALENCE OF ZOOMORPHIC METAPHORS (a comparative study of English -Uzbek dictionaries)

2026-05-15T19:14:48+00:00

In this article, the equivalence and non-equivalence of zoomorphic metaphors are studied through a comparative analysis of their representation in the Cambridge Dictionary and English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries. Zoomorphic metaphors, which describe human characteristics through animal imagery, play an important role in expressing evaluation and cultural meaning in both languages. The research adopts a qualitative comparative approach and focuses on the microstructure of dictionary entries, including the presentation of figurative meanings, usage labels, and examples. Selected metaphors such as fox, snake, and lion are analyzed to identify different types of equivalence. The findings reveal that metaphorical meanings are present in both languages but differ in their lexicographic representation. Three types of equivalence are identified: full, partial, and non-equivalence. The results show that learner dictionaries provide more detailed and structured explanations, while bilingual dictionaries tend to simplify or omit figurative meanings. The study concludes that equivalence is influenced not only by linguistic and cultural factors but also by the way meanings are represented in dictionary entries. It suggests that improving bilingual dictionaries requires clearer definitions, usage labels, and examples to better reflect metaphorical meaning.

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL ACTIONS OF WRESTLERS IN SPORTS WRESTLING ON THE BASIS OF "MUBIN ZASK" INTELLECTUAL SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

2026-05-11T06:50:37+00:00

In this article, the analysis of evaluation of technical and tactical actions of wrestlers based on "MUBIN ZASK" intellectual sensor technology in sports wrestling, as well as remote analysis of the preparation process for sports wrestling competitions and the selection of styles related to the individual characteristics of athletes, are mentioned.

A LEXICOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUND NOUNS WITH “MAN” IN ENGLISH – UZBEK DICTIONARIES

2026-05-11T08:08:44+00:00

This study investigates the lexicographic representation of English compound nouns containing the word “man” in both English monolingual and English–Uzbek bilingual dictionaries. The research focuses on their structural, semantic, and sociolinguistic features, as well as their translation equivalents in Uzbek. The findings reveal that English monolingual dictionaries provide detailed entries, including definitions, usage labels, and contextual examples, whereas English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries tend to offer limited information, mainly focusing on direct semantic equivalents. The study identifies different types of translation equivalence, including direct, functional, and descriptive translation. It also demonstrates that stylistic and gender-related features are often neutralized in translation. The paper concludes that bilingual dictionaries should be improved by incorporating stylistic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic information to better reflect modern language usage and enhance their usefulness for learners and translators.

THE PLANT WORLD AND ITS REPRESENTATION IN GERMAN PHRASEOLOGY

2026-05-14T05:11:16+00:00

This article is devoted to the study of the importance of plants in human life and their representation in German phraseology, as well as their linguocultural significance. Plants enrich the semantic potential of language not only from ecological and aesthetic perspectives but also through their metaphorical and phraseological meanings. The study analyzes various German phraseological dictionaries and academic sources to explore expressions containing plant components such as Palme, Kohl, Bohne, Holz, Weizen, Blume, Spargel, Salat, Spinat, Sellerie, Kresse, Kerbel, Sauerampfer, Baldrian, Teeblätter, Tomate, Hopfen, Kürbis, and others. The research methodology includes etymological, contrastive, component, and semantic analyses. The findings demonstrate that in German phraseology, plant elements frequently function as metaphoric means to express human behavior, social relations, moral values, and psychological states. The study concludes that plant-based phraseological units reflect the linguocultural characteristics of the German language and reveal the nation’s perception of nature. The results of this research can be applied in linguistic studies, German language teaching, and the study of phraseology in general.

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF VIRTUAL REALITY IN ENHANCING SPEAKING CONFIDENCE AMONG EFL STUDENTS

2026-05-14T08:32:37+00:00

This study investigates the role of virtual reality (VR) in enhancing speaking confidence among learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Speaking confidence is widely recognized as a critical factor influencing learners’ oral performance, yet many students experience anxiety and lack of self-assurance in real communicative situations. The research aims to examine how VR-based language learning environments contribute to improving learners’ confidence in speaking. A mixed-method approach was employed, involving experimental and qualitative data collected from EFL students participating in VR-assisted speaking activities. The findings indicate that VR provides immersive, low-anxiety environments that foster increased participation, reduced speaking anxiety, and improved self-confidence. The study concludes that VR is an effective pedagogical tool for enhancing speaking confidence and recommends its integration into language learning curricula.

THE ROLE OF TEACHINGS ON SPIRITUAL AND MORAL CHARACTER IN THE EDUCATION OF MODERN SOCIETY: THE HARMONY OF SECULAR AND RELIGIOUS VIEWS

2026-05-15T18:30:59+00:00

This article analyzes the role of teachings on spiritual and moral character in the education of modern society from the perspective of the harmony of secular and religious views. The primary purpose of the study is to reveal the complementary aspects of secular and religious-enlightenment approaches in shaping moral consciousness, social responsibility, the stability of values, and moral immunity in the upbringing of an individual. The article utilizes historical-analytical, comparative analysis, content analysis, axiological, sociocultural, and integrative analysis methods. The results indicate that spiritual and moral character is not merely a criterion of individual behavior, but a complex socio-pedagogical phenomenon that determines the cultural memory of society, civic solidarity, and the effectiveness of educational institutions. While secular education develops legal consciousness, critical thinking, social activeness, and civic responsibility in an individual, religious-moral views strengthen inner motivational qualities such as conscience, honesty, patience, compassion, and responsibility. The article proposes an integrative educational model for the modern education system based on the principle of "value – consciousness – behavior – social practice."

IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN THE NAVOIY REGION

2026-05-11T07:19:03+00:00

This article analyzes the issues of improving the organizational and economic mechanism of the management system of industrial enterprises in the Navoiy region using the “Logical Framework Approach” (LFA). During the research, existing problems were analyzed through the “problem tree” method, which revealed issues such as low management efficiency, ineffective resource utilization, limited innovation, and insufficient use of human capital. Based on these findings, an “objective tree” was developed to transform identified problems into achievable and measurable goals. In addition, a logical framework matrix was constructed to define project objectives, expected outcomes, performance indicators, and implementation strategies. The results of the study provide practical recommendations for improving management structures, increasing labor productivity, optimizing resource allocation, and ensuring financial stability. The findings demonstrate that applying LFA enables a structured and comprehensive approach to decision-making, contributing to the sustainable development and competitiveness of industrial enterprises in the region.

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF CULTURAL REALIA

2026-05-11T09:08:59+00:00

The translation of cultural realia remains one of the most complex issues in translation studies due to the absence of direct equivalents across languages. Cultural realia represent culture-bound concepts that reflect traditions, social norms, and historical contexts of a particular community (Newmark, 1988). This study aims to examine the main translation strategies used in rendering cultural realia and evaluate their effectiveness in preserving both meaning and cultural identity. A qualitative research methodology was employed, analyzing selected literary and non-literary texts. The findings indicate that borrowing, descriptive translation, adaptation, and functional equivalence are the most frequently applied strategies (Baker, 2018; Venuti, 1995). The results also show that the choice of strategy depends on the target audience, text type, and communicative purpose. The study concludes that successful translation of realia requires not only linguistic competence but also deep intercultural awareness (Katan, 2014).

BASED ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF TRAINING TOOLS IMPROVEMENT OF SPORTS RESULTS OF WEIGHTERS

2026-05-14T06:19:14+00:00

This study investigates the effectiveness of differentiated training means in improving athletic performance of weightlifters through a controlled pedagogical experiment conducted in 2023–2024 with control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) groups. A four-block differentiated training system was developed and applied exclusively to the experimental group across the annual training cycle. Baseline anthropometric and physical fitness measures showed no statistically significant intergroup differences (p>0.05). Post-intervention testing demonstrated statistically significant advantages for the experimental group across all performance indicators including squat, deadlift, bench press, 30m sprint speed, and flexibility (p<0.05 and p<0.01), confirming the effectiveness of the developed differentiation methodology.

DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE READINESS OF FUTURE DEFECTOLOGISTS BASED ON THE FORMATION OF THEIR COMPREHENSIVE COMPETENCIES

2026-05-14T09:27:13+00:00

This article examines the current stage of reform in general secondary education in our country, which is closely linked to transformations in the social and economic spheres aimed at achieving greater autonomy in choosing the strategic direction for preparing future defectologists for inclusive education—both at the institutional level and for individual educators—in order to ensure continuous professional development.

Pedagogical scholars and researchers identify and substantiate the structural components of readiness of future social science teachers to carry out activities in inclusive education. They emphasize the structural and semantic framework of professional training of future teachers in inclusive education, which includes personal-semantic components (internal and external relationships, motivational values, and the ability to work in inclusive settings), as well as cognitive components, encompassing the development of specialized methodological, theoretical, practical, and professional knowledge, along with skills in applying methods, techniques, and technologies.

There is an increasing need to improve educational technologies that support the continuous professional development of future defectologists, to refine the essence and content of educational technologies used in extracurricular activities, and to develop effective methods for preparing future defectologists for inclusive education.

IMPROVING COUNTER-METHODS IN FEMALE JUDOKAS IN THE TRAINING GROUP

2026-05-15T19:05:55+00:00

This article examines the development of a model aimed at improving counter-measures in female judokas, the methodology for applying the crown and counter-measures, as well as the means and methods for enhancing technical and tactical preparation, and provides information on their application.

METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS

2026-05-11T02:54:15+00:00

This scientific article examines the methodology for developing the psychophysiological characteristics of young football players and its impact on sports performance. During the study, special exercises based on visual and auditory signals were developed and implemented in practice. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the physical, functional, and psychophysiological indicators of young athletes.

LINGUOPOETIC TOOLS IN POETRY

2026-05-11T08:01:04+00:00

This article analyzes the role of linguopoetic tools in enhancing the artistic-aesthetic expressiveness of poetic speech. The study scientifically examines the poetic function of linguopoetic units and their role in image formation. The influence of such linguopoetic tools as metaphor, epithet, syntactic repetition, and phonetic harmony on the structure and content of poetic texts is substantiated. The research also reveals, based on scientific sources, the place of the linguopoetic approach in modern philology and its aspects related to poetry. The study analyzes the functional possibilities of the main linguopoetic units organizing the structure of a poetic text — metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, repetition, phonetic and syntactic devices. Furthermore, their role in the mechanism of image creation, their function in enhancing emotional-expressive impact, and their importance in shaping the author's individual style are scientifically elucidated. The research interprets linguopoetic tools not merely as elements of stylistic embellishment but as the main structural units that generate poetic thought and a cognitive model.

The results of the study show that in poetry, linguopoetic tools work in close interconnection and create a unified aesthetic synergy. This ensures the multi-layered interpretability of the poetic text and distinguishes it from ordinary communicative speech.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF COUNTER-ATTACKING TECHNICAL SKILLS IN FREE STYLE WRESTLERS WITHIN COMPETITIVE ACTIVITIES

2026-05-14T05:01:37+00:00

This article presents the effectiveness of using counterattack techniques in the competitive activities of athletes engaged in judo wrestling. Counter-attacking actions play a crucial role in modern in wrestling, as they allow athletes to opponents’ mistakes also rapid transition from defense to offence. The purpose of this research is to is to identify and substantiate effective training methods aimed at enhancing the efficiency of counter-attacking techniques among freestyle wrestlers. The study involved a group of athletes divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group followed a specialized training program focused on developing counter-attacking skills through situational drills, reaction-based exercises, and tactical simulations, while the control group continued traditional training methods. The effectiveness of the program was assessed through performance indicators such as execution speed, accuracy of techniques, and success rate in competitive situations.

INCREASING THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF FEMALE RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS AND EXPANDING THEIR MOVEMENT CAPABILITIES (ANALYSIS OF SURVEY RESULTS)

2026-05-14T08:24:45+00:00

This article analyzes the organization of the training process at the sports and health-improving stage of rhythmic gymnastics in sports schools, the activities of coaches, and the results of surveys conducted among trainees, parents, and coaches. The study considers the issues of strengthening children’s and adolescents’ health, ensuring their physical development, and promoting a healthy lifestyle as key priorities.

The article highlights the importance of rhythmic gymnastics classes in developing not only physical qualities but also aesthetic perception, movement coordination, and flexibility. It is also substantiated that the effectiveness of the training process depends on the professional competence of coaches, their pedagogical approach, and the level of cooperation with parents.

The results obtained through a specially developed questionnaire were analyzed statistically. The findings examined the participants’ physical activity, motivation, level of attendance, and communication with parents. It was revealed that there are certain methodological and organizational shortcomings in the training process, and the need to strengthen an individual approach and cooperation with parents was emphasized.

Overall, the study demonstrates that the sports and health-improving stage of rhythmic gymnastics plays an important role in improving the training process, enhancing coaches’ professional skills, and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

COMMON TENDENCIES IN THE FORMATION OF MEANING OF THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PROVERBS

2026-05-15T18:22:11+00:00

This article investigates the role of the category of number in the formation of meaning in English and Uzbek proverbs. Proverbs, as a significant part of the linguistic and cultural heritage, reflect the worldview and cognitive processes of the people. The research explores how numbers function in these proverbs to intensify meaning, make quantitative comparisons, generalize concepts, and influence the psychological perception of reality. Both English and Uzbek proverbs demonstrate a shared tendency of numbers to act as intensifiers, quantifiers, and generalizers, yet they differ in cultural nuances and semantic implications. The analysis compares the usage of numerical terms in proverbs and highlights the universal patterns of meaning formation. The paper contributes to understanding the cultural and linguistic specificities that shape proverbs in different languages.