Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN

Karlagash Bekseitovna Baimurzayeva — 2025-06-14

This article examines the impact of digitalization processes on the quality of higher education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. A systematic analysis of the theoretical foundations of digitalization is conducted, exploring the main directions of state policy in the field of digital transformation of the educational environment, as well as the practical experience of implementing digital technologies in Kazakhstan universities. Special attention is given to how digitalization influences the accessibility, personalization, flexibility, and effectiveness of educational services; the development of students' digital competencies; and the improvement of transparency and objectivity in the knowledge assessment system. The study also identifies the key challenges faced by higher education institutions: digital inequality, insufficient digital literacy among educators, the need for infrastructure modernization, and the protection of personal data. Based on this analysis, the article offers recommendations for the further development of digitalization in higher education in Kazakhstan, taking into account international experience and the specific characteristics of the national education system.

HISTORICAL REFORMS IN THE LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT SYSTEM OF JIZZAX REGION

Azimjon Qosimov — 2025-06-14

Jizzax region, located in the central part of Uzbekistan, is distinguished by its historical and cultural heritage. In recent years, the reforms implemented in the local self-governing bodies of the region have significantly contributed to its socio-economic development. These reforms aimed to enhance the governance system and bring it closer to the public, leading to improvements in both its structure and legislation. During the historical reforms in Jizzax region, the legal and organizational foundations of the local governance system were improved. New laws and regulations were developed, particularly adapted to territorial characteristics and local needs. The social and economic impact of these reforms, along with their role in increasing public trust in governance, has been significant.

A COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH TO ORGANIZING NATIVE LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Safo Matchonov — 2025-06-14

This article suggests that Uzbek literature holds an independent status as a separate subject within the general secondary education system, and the advantages of a competency-based approach to teaching the fundamentals of this subject are scientifically and methodologically substantiated. The study also analyzes the current achievements and shortcomings of the native language curriculum.

CRITICAL LISTENING IN LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS: A COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH

Nargiza Khodjakulova — 2025-06-14

This study explores the integration of critical listening into Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) to enhance learners’ interpretive, analytical, and reflective listening skills in second language classrooms. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of communicative competence and metacognitive listening, the research investigates how CLT-based instructional strategies can foster higher-order thinking in listening comprehension. The mixed-method study was conducted across four higher education institutions in Uzbekistan and involved 160 intermediate EFL learners. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, classroom observations, learner questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that students exposed to CLT-integrated critical listening tasks demonstrated significant improvements in their ability to evaluate speaker intent, identify bias, and apply reasoning during listening activities. Additionally, learners reported increased use of metacognitive strategies such as monitoring and inference-making. The results underscore the pedagogical value of embedding critical thinking in listening instruction and advocate for a shift from passive listening models to more interactive, cognitively engaging approaches. The study offers practical implications for curriculum design, teacher training, and language policy development aimed at cultivating critically literate language users.

USING PHRASAL VERBS IN ACADEMIC WRITING

Sarvinoz Zuvaytova — 2025-06-14

This paper explores the role and appropriateness of phrasal verbs in academic writing. While phrasal verbs are widespread in everyday spoken English, their use in formal academic contexts is often limited due to their informal tone. The study highlights common phrasal verbs, their formal equivalents, and provides guidelines for academic writers to maintain clarity and formality in their writing. It also emphasizes when and how certain phrasal verbs may still be acceptable depending on the genre and purpose of the text.

THE USE OF ART INTEGRATION STRATEGIES IN PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION

Anora Javliyevna Jabbarova — 2025-06-14

This article explores the implementation of art integration strategies in pre-service teacher education programs and their impact on the development of future educators. Art integration, which involves connecting visual arts, music, drama, and movement with core academic content, promotes creativity, critical thinking, and holistic learning. The study examines how incorporating artistic methods into teacher training enhances pedagogical skills, fosters innovative classroom practices, and nurtures culturally responsive teaching. Drawing on recent research and practical case studies, the article highlights the benefits, challenges, and best practices of art-integrated instruction for pre-service teachers. The findings underscore the potential of art integration to enrich teacher preparation and improve student engagement across disciplines.

LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE STRATEGIC COMPETENCE CONCEPT IN TEACHING ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

Dilfuza Salixovna Razikova — 2025-06-14

In English language teaching at non-linguistic universities, where English is not the main discipline, strategic competence is essential for facilitating successful interaction among learners despite linguistic obstacles. This paper examines the term of strategic competence, its importance in teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP), and its educational significance. Combining essential theoretical frameworks and empirical research promotes developing the skills of strategic competence through student-centred, task-based, and communicative strategies. Recommendations are offered for implementing strategic competency training into the academic programs of non-linguistic disciplines to enhance students' competence for practical applications of professional communication.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DEVELOPING THE WRITTEN SPEECH OF STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES BASED ON FOREIGN AND LOCAL PRACTICES

Umid Allayorovich Usmonov — 2025-06-14

This article explores both foreign and local experiences in developing the written speech of students with intellectual disabilities. It analyzes innovative methods, technological approaches, speech therapy sessions, and multimodal teaching strategies used in developed countries around the world. In addition, special pedagogical approaches currently being implemented in Uzbekistan are also reviewed. Based on the assimilation of the positive aspects of foreign practices, practical proposals have been developed to improve the national methodology.

THE ISSUE OF NATIONAL PRIDE IN HAMZA'S DRAMA "THE RICH AND THE SERVANT"

Sohiba Arzikulova — 2025-06-14

This article reveals the qualities of honor, justice, and truthfulness in the play "The Rich and the Servant" as well as the inequalities and class divisions present in social life. The characteristics specific to the images of Ghofirjon and Jamila, such as loyalty to their loved ones, respect for marriage, and patience in suffering and slander, are elevated through the analysis of the characters' speeches, which highlights national values and pride. Jamila possesses true human virtues, as well as the modesty and dignity characteristic of Uzbek women. At the same time, we can also see national pride in Jamila's character. Conversely, through characters like Solihboy, Hojiona, Xonzoda, Sifat the grandmother, Qodirqul the chief, and Hasan the elder, the vices of opportunism, injustice, and materialism are condemned. The imam character in the drama reveals the true face of religious figures who sell their afterlife for worldly possessions and misuse their positions. The statements directed at the rich, the imam, and the leaders through the character Gofir are, in fact, not aimed at the development of their own people whom Hamza views as a single ant, but rather these remarks are directed at the slaves of desires who act for personal gain. Hamza was against the stratification among people. Indeed, from a young age, Hamza was known as a person who could not accept inequality and backwardness.

IDENTIFYING APPARENT LANGUAGE SKILL CHALLENGES AMONG FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNERS

Tursunoy Ortiqova — 2025-06-17

Current research mostly focuses on reading and writing skill-based problems one of which is receptive, and the other from productive skill components. Relying on questionnaire results and local learners’ needs, moderately challenging language skills have been selected and analyzed. In the study a mixed method has been utilized. The results are based on self-reported responses of language learners from three different universities. The study subjects are the first-year English philology department students. The aim is to identify characteristic some language skill-related challenges in order to enable language educators and teachers to bring novel and modern teaching methods and techniques in education system. The research results have been demonstrated in descriptive method with the usage of graphs.

POSSIBILITIES OF USING THE CLUSTER SYSTEM IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR PRIMARY CLASS STUDENTS

Dadakhon Umaraliyev — 2025-06-14

The use of modern methods in organizing physical education lessons for primary school students contributes to increased effectiveness. One such method is the cluster system. Applying the cluster system in physical education enhances students' physical development, motor activity, and motivation. Research conducted by both international and local scholars confirms the effectiveness of this method. The use of the cluster system in physical education at the primary level has a positive impact on students' physical and psychological development. This approach increases the efficiency of the educational process and helps create a system that meets the individual needs of each child.

THE ROLE OF STATOKINETIC AND HYPOXIC EXERCISES IN IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF MOVEMENTS PERFORMED IN SPORTS GAMES

Bahodir Khoshimovich Gofurov — 2025-06-14

This article provides essential information for specialist coaches and researcher-scientists regarding the development and implementation of strategies aimed at enhancing sports performance. In practice, more attention is often given to managing intense training loads during annual preparation stages, particularly during competitive cycles, rather than optimizing the volume and intensity of training sessions. The focus here is on improving athletes' ability to withstand and overcome high-intensity loads by developing stable working capacity, functional reserves, and energy resources. The article highlights that many studies in the scientific literature examine how the disruption of static and dynamic balance—especially in rapidly changing or extreme conditions often observed in various sports—negatively affects movement precision and performance outcomes. It also presents theoretical insights and practical recommendations for improving the stability of these abilities through the use of specific non-traditional exercises.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF ATTACKING MOVEMENTS OF QUALIFIED CORNER PLAYERS IN HANDBALL

Khasan Kudratillayevich Fozilov — 2025-06-14

The article presents a study on increasing the accuracy of scoring goals in competitions by optimizing the technical and tactical training of experienced corner handball players in the pre-competition period, and also provides a detailed description based on tables.

DEVELOPING GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOL STUDENTS’ TEXT PRODUCTION COMPETENCIES THROUGH EFFECTIVE USE OF THE “STORY WITHIN A STORY” TECHNIQUE

Raykhon Bahritdinovna Rasulova — 2025-06-14

This article discusses the development of students’ text production competencies through the works of Alisher Navoi. It presents the method of “moulding and being moulded” derived from the masterpieces of classical Eastern literature with a particular focus on the comprehensive analysis of Navoi’s work Lison ut-Tayr. Alongside text production skills, students also develop abilities in text analysis, interpretation, and critique, thereby fostering their research competencies. The article emphasizes the effective use of classical literary heritage in nurturing morally and intellectually mature individuals among the younger generation.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Shakhnoza Urinboeva — 2025-06-14

This article analyzes the role of innovative technologies and their practical significance in the process of teaching and learning foreign languages. It highlights how modern digital tools, including mobile applications, cloud-based platforms, and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, are reshaping language classrooms by enhancing interactivity, personalization, and learner autonomy. Special emphasis is placed on the integration of AI-powered tools such as speech recognition software, chatbots, and adaptive learning systems that provide instant feedback and tailored instruction. Additionally, the article explores the use of real-life contexts and project-based learning strategies that make language acquisition more meaningful and application-oriented. Drawing from global trends and the educational reforms in Uzbekistan, the paper offers practical recommendations for language teachers, curriculum designers, and educational policymakers seeking to implement technology-enhanced pedagogical models effectively.

METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING STUDENT VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS' BLOCKING TECHNIQUE BASED ON KINEMATIC INDICATORS

Isroil Komiljonovich Abdusalomov — 2025-06-14

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a four-month training program designed to improve the blocking technique of university volleyball players through a kinematic-based approach. A total of 24 male athletes aged 19–21 participated in the experiment (12 in the experimental group, 12 in the control group). The training spanned 16 weeks, structured into meso- and microcycles, with 20 minutes of each session dedicated to blocking exercises. Kinematic video analysis, plyometric tests, synchronization assessments, and reaction time evaluations were employed. Post-intervention results showed significant improvements in the experimental group: jump height (+11%), reaction time (−0.18 s), and synchronization level (+17%) (p<0.05). The findings highlight the value of a biomechanically informed, kinematic-based training protocol for developing automated and efficient blocking performance in student volleyball athletes.

THE EVOLUTION AND EDUCATIONAL IMPACT OF DOK (DEPTH OF KNOWLEDGE FRAMEWORK)

Gulbahor Pirmanovna Nazarova — 2025-06-14

This paper explores the evolution and educational impact of the Depth of Knowledge (DOK) framework, a tool used by teachers to measure the complexity of thinking required by students to complete tasks and answer questions. Originally developed by Dr. Norman Webb in the late 1990s, DOK was created to help educators match curriculum, instruction, and assessments with the level of cognitive demand expected from students. The framework consists of four levels: recall and reproduction (Level 1), skills and concepts (Level 2), strategic thinking (Level 3), and extended thinking (Level 4). Each level represents a deeper and more complex way of thinking, which helps teachers plan better lessons and evaluate student understanding more effectively. The study also looks at the benefits and challenges of using the DOK framework in the classroom. While it provides a clear guide for developing rigorous instruction, some teachers find it difficult to apply consistently without proper training. Despite this, the overall impact of DOK is positive, as it encourages critical thinking, deep understanding, and stronger academic performance. In conclusion, the Depth of Knowledge framework has significantly influenced modern education by helping teachers promote deeper learning and prepare students for the demands of the 21st century.

THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN WRITING

Dilnoza Turdibekova — 2025-06-14

Writing is a complex mental task that involves a constantly changing mix of psychological and physiological processes. This article looks into the psychophysiological processes that happen when someone writes, focusing on how cognitive functions (like attention, working memory, and executive control), emotions, and physiological responses (like autonomic nervous system activity and neural activation patterns) all work together. The study looks at how different types of writing activities, from academic and creative writing to expressive writing, affect people's minds and bodies in different ways. It does this by using real-world research from cognitive neuroscience, psycholinguistics, and affective psychology. There is a lot of focus on how emotional control, stress responses, and embodied cognition affect writing performance and fluency. The paper's goal is to improve theoretical models of writing and help teachers use the mind-body connection in writing to help students .

INTEGRATING THEORY AND PRACTICE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE

Sayyora Khamidova — 2025-06-14

This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings and methodological approaches employed in fostering intercultural competence among students in educational settings. It examines key theoretical frameworks that inform the understanding and development of intercultural competence and discusses various pedagogical methods and strategies utilized to enhance students' abilities to effectively and appropriately interact across cultural differences. The integration of cultural knowledge, interactive learning methods, and modern technologies as effective tools in this process is highlighted. This review provides insights for educators and researchers seeking to promote intercultural competence in an increasingly interconnected world.

SEMANTIC SHIFTS AND CALQUING: HOW SUBCULTURE TERMS RESHAPE UZBEK LANGUAGE NORMS

Nigora Ergasheva — 2025-06-14

This article examines the impact of subculture terminology on the semantic evolution of the Uzbek language, focusing on lexical borrowing and calquing as key mechanisms of change. Bringing about theoretical frameworks from Michael Cronin’s Translation and Globalization (2003) and David Katan’s Translating Cultures (1999), this paper explores how subcultural expressions – specifically from youth, internet, and urban subcultures – are integrated into Uzbek, leading to semantic shifts and hybrid lexical formations. Data is drawn from social media, music lyrics, and interviews with Uzbek speakers. The finding suggest that these processes reflect broader sociolinguistic trends related to globalization and cultural exchange; while English and Russian dominate as source languages, Uzbek language’s agglutinative structure facilitates creative, reshaping normative usage among younger generation.

PREPARING UZBEK STUDENTS FOR GLOBAL COMPETITIONS: LEADERSHIP, ASSESSMENT, AND CURRICULUM DESIGN

Nargiza Yaxshibayeva — 2025-06-14

This article explores how leadership, assessment practices, and curriculum design at the Presidential School in Jizzakh are preparing gifted Uzbek students to compete globally. Drawing on the school’s mission to enhance educational opportunities and develop future leaders, the paper highlights student-centred methodologies, project-based learning, and the implementation of 21st-century skills frameworks. Specific initiatives such as HOPE (Humanity, Opportunity, Perspectives, Empowerment) and Jizzakh Model United Nations (JMUN) are examined as case studies of effective leadership in action. The article concludes by emphasising the importance of holistic education models that nurture both academic excellence and character development, positioning Uzbekistan’s next generation for success on the international stage.

THE CULTURAL RELEVANCE OF FOOD: SHAPING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND DEFINING COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES

Gulistan Koshkinbaevna Jiemuratova — 2025-06-14

Food plays a pivotal role in shaping cultural identities, traditions, and social structures across the world. Beyond its primary function of sustenance, food is deeply intertwined with cultural values, beliefs, and practices. It serves as a symbol of community, heritage, and historical continuity, reflecting the social fabric of a society. Culinary traditions, rituals, and the sharing of meals are central to social cohesion and the transmission of cultural knowledge across generations. Food can also act as a medium for expressing cultural pride, resistance, and adaptation in the face of globalization. This paper explores the multifaceted significance of food in culture, examining how different societies use food to define themselves, celebrate their heritage, and navigate the complexities of modern life. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we will investigate the ways in which food reflects and shapes social norms, values, and group identities, highlighting the deep connection between culinary practices and cultural expression.

ANALYSIS OF THE PARIS 2024 OLYMPIC GAMES IN COMBAT SPORTS

Abduhakim Abduqunduzov — 2025-06-14

This article presents an analysis of the results of the Paris 2024 Olympic Games in combat sports, the most prestigious competition of the four-year cycle. It discusses the successes of new champions and the failures of reigning champions in freestyle, Greco-Roman, and women's wrestling across various weight categories. The main goal is to ensure thorough preparation for future competitions and to study the training and preparation processes of the victorious athletes in order to provide worthy competition at upcoming Olympic Games.

THE TRADITION OF MOVASHACHISM IN THE TASHKENT LITERARY ENVIRONMENT

Arofatoy Urinovna Muydinova — 2025-06-14

Muvashshah works created by the creators of Uzbek national revival literature are of great importance in studying the literary and aesthetic world, social and literary life, literary circles, and creative cooperation of poets. The muwashshahs were mainly created on romantic (metaphorical), partially on religious-mystical and social themes. In particular, the works of Yusuf Saryami, Muhyi, Hazini, Basitkhan Hariqi, who created artistically mature examples of muwashshahs on religious and Sufi themes, reflect the recognition of human identity, pure morality, the promotion of human qualities, as well as important social issues in historical conditions. At the same time, the study of muwashshahs also has important scientific value in determining its place and significance in the history of our literary studies. This article discusses muwashshah-ghazals, which occupied a prominent place in the works of representatives of the Tashkent literary environment of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

METHODOLOGY OF ORGANIZING LESSONS THROUGH LISTENING COMPREHENSION SKILLS IN NATIVE LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE CLASSES

Nursulton Shaykhislamov — 2025-06-14

This scientific article is dedicated to exploring the methodological foundations of developing listening comprehension skills in native language and literature classes. In the lesson process, listening comprehension plays an important role in improving students' overall educational level and mastering the language. The article discusses how this skill is applied in teaching methodology, methods, and the process of developing lesson plans, as well as effective ways to explain lesson material to students. Listening comprehension skills not only help students master the language but also assist in deeply understanding literary works and texts.

THE GRADUAL DEPICTION OF WOMEN’S IMAGES IN CLASSICAL UZBEK LITERATURE

Nodira Djohongirovna Kholikova — 2025-06-14

This article explores the gradual evolution of female characters in classical Uzbek literature through the analysis of various works. It highlights the development of women's worldview and social activity, the stages of artistic interpretation, and the unique features of the literary portrayal of women in this tradition. The genesis and progressive development of the female image—from figures mentioned in the Holy Qur’an such as Maryam (Mary), Aisha, Bilqis, and Zulaykha, to the beloved heroines in the works of Khorezmi, Sayyid Qasimi, and Alisher Navoi; from the revered mother of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Eson Davlatbegim, to the female characters depicted in the writings of Mirzo Ulughbek and Abulghazi Bahadurkhan—is examined through specific examples that trace this evolutionary process.

PRINCIPLES OF ANALYZING LITERATURE AND ART WORKS BASED ON POSTCOLONIAL METHOD (IN THE EXAMPLE OF UZBEK JADID LITERATURE)

Adiba Rakhmatovna Davlatova — 2025-06-14

The text explores the significance of postcolonial analysis in understanding artistic literature and national art, focusing on its role in revealing the effects of colonialism on culture, consciousness, and social structures. Originating in the late 20th century through scholars like Fanon and Said, this method combines literary studies with history, philosophy, psychology, and cultural studies to deconstruct colonial legacies. The study highlights the period of late 19th to early 20th century Turkistan, marked by national awakening, social upheaval, and literary renewal in response to oppressive colonial policies. The analysis delves into the cultural and political struggles reflected in literature, including rebellion against social inequality, forced labor policies, and the fight for independence. Poets and intellectuals like Sobir and Avloniy are examined for their roles in expressing national ideals, social critique, and hope for a prosperous future, illustrating the dynamic interplay between historical context and literary evolution during this transformative era.

IMPLEMENTING AI IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO B2 LEVEL ESP STUDENTS

Yulduz Nabiyevna Rakhimova — 2025-06-14

This article explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into English language instruction for students at the B2 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) within English for Specific Purposes (ESP) contexts. The growing demand for personalized and domain-specific language instruction in professional and academic settings necessitates innovative pedagogical strategies. AI technologies—ranging from intelligent tutoring systems and natural language processing tools to adaptive learning platforms—offer potential solutions to enhance language acquisition, engagement, and performance. The study provides an in-depth examination of current AI applications in ESP instruction, analyzes their effectiveness for B2-level learners, and discusses implementation strategies, challenges, and ethical concerns. The article concludes by proposing a research-based framework for integrating AI in ESP curriculum design and teacher training, aiming to optimize language outcomes in diverse educational environments.

THE EFFICIENCY OF LEARNER-CENTERED APPROACH IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Dilshoda Shavkatovna Mazurovava — 2025-06-14

This article describes a learner-centered approach as an effective solution to the problem of teaching a foreign language, the method of projects, work in collaboration. The personality-oriented approach has become possible due to the socio-political, economic, social transformations that have taken place in our country in the last decade. Value orientations have changed, and in accordance with the proclaimed principles of humanization and democratization of society, a free, developed and educated person is recognized as the greatest value, capable of living and creating in a constantly changing world.

DEFINITION OF ARTISTIC DETAIL IN MODERN LITERARY CRITICISM

Asilbek Khamzaevich Ergashev — 2025-06-14

This article examines the artistic detail as a multi-layered and meaning-generating component of literary texts, emphasizing its structural and semantic significance. Contrary to viewing it as a minor narrative element, the detail is analyzed as a central expressive tool shaping the philosophical, psychological, and aesthetic dimensions of the work. The theoretical foundation relies on the scholarship of Russian literary critics such as A.B. Esin and V.A. Kukharenko, whose classifications form the methodological basis for applied textual analysis. The article examines specific literary examples — R. Töpffer’s The Path Beyond the Ocean, J. Steinbeck’s Escape, and V.N. Gavrilyeva’s The Road — illustrating how symbolic details reflect internal character dynamics, philosophical motifs, and thematic depth. Through the lens of romantic, naturalistic, and socio-psychological paradigms, the study demonstrates that artistic detail functions as a universal mechanism that bridges the particular with the universal and reveals the author's worldview through seemingly minor narrative elements.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING HISTORICAL THINKING THROUGH STUDENT PREPARATION IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Adxamjon Qosimov — 2025-06-14

: This article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations for developing students’ historical thinking in the process of preparing them in the field of traditional medicine. It also highlights the possibilities of enriching historical consciousness and fostering respect for cultural heritage through the use of the scientific legacy of Eastern scholars. Teaching knowledge related to traditional medicine plays a significant role in deepening students’ historical thinking and educating them in the spirit of respect for national heritage. The article emphasizes the invaluable importance of the works of Eastern scholars in developing students’ historical thinking. The fact that these works are still relevant and confirmed in modern medicine is evidence of the scholars’ greatness in medical knowledge. The factors contributing to the development of historical thinking through preparing students in traditional medicine are presented using various methods and tables.

PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO TEACHING OF “INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES” BASED ON DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION

Zilola Mamataliyeva — 2025-06-14

This scientific article presents a systematic analysis of effective pedagogical approaches to teaching the subject of internal combustion engines (ICE) within the framework of engineering education using digital technologies. In technical higher education institutions, there is a growing need to teach both the theoretical and practical content of engineering disciplines through modern digital tools. From this perspective, subjects such as ICE, which encompass complex technological processes, can be more clearly and engagingly delivered to students through virtual environments, interactive simulations, 3D modeling, and digital laboratories.

The article explores the didactic potential of digital technologies, their pedagogical effectiveness, and their role in developing students’ technical thinking. The research integrates modern pedagogical methods such as problem-based learning (PBL), constructivist approaches, and hierarchical instructional design within a digital learning context. Furthermore, the study discusses the current state of digital infrastructure, the level of digital competence among instructors, and provides suggestions for their improvement. In conclusion, the article outlines the practical aspects, advantages, challenges, and future prospects of digital technology–based instruction. The research outcomes aim to contribute to the development of scientific and methodological foundations for improving the quality of education in this area.

PECULIARITIES OF SLANG IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

Shahlo Razzaqova — 2025-06-14

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the distinctive features of slang expressions in the English and Uzbek languages. It explores their unique linguistic characteristics and examines the socio-linguistic functions that slang fulfills within different speech communities. Special attention is given to the role of slang in everyday communication, emphasizing its stylistic versatility and expressive power. The study also highlights how slang serves as a marker of social group identity, personal individuality, and emotional expressiveness. By comparing the use of slang in both languages, the article sheds light on cultural and communicative nuances, offering valuable insights into the informal layers of language use.

PEDAGOGICAL POSSIBILITIES OF EDUCATING STUDENTS IN THE SPIRIT OF NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL VALUES THROUGH WORLD LITERATURE

Ruzikhon Bozorovna Usmonova — 2025-06-14

This article highlights the educational value of world literature and analyzes its pedagogical potential in educating students in the spirit of national and universal values. The role of examples of world literature in the formation of such qualities as patriotism, tolerance, humanity, justice, and hard work in the student is highlighted. Methodological approaches to developing intercultural dialogue through literature, expanding global thinking, and educating the younger generation as well-rounded individuals are also analyzed. The article emphasizes the commonality in the works of such outstanding figures of world literature as A. Oripov's translations, Honore de Balzac, Bacchae, Sophocles, Homer.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WEIGHTLIFTING TOOLS IN DEVELOPING EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH USED TO IMPROVE THE TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL ACTIONS OF STUDENT JUDOKAS

Amirxon Allaberganovich Atanazarov — 2025-06-14

In modern sports practice, particularly in the selection of athletes for the Olympic Games, World Championships, and high-ranking qualification tournaments, special attention is paid to student judokas. Within this framework, it is strategically important to develop their physical fitness, psychofunctional condition, technical and tactical competence, as well as strength and endurance. This becomes especially relevant in the context of intensive training held twice a day and long-lasting competition cycles. Student judokas must improve their training process through the use of special weightlifting exercises, mastering the correct sequence of execution, and understanding how to apply weightlifting techniques effectively in judo. The use of scientifically grounded methods and advanced coaching practices plays a key role in enhancing the competitive readiness of judokas.

PRIORITY AREAS OF PHILOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Zulfiya Juraevna Pardaeva — 2025-06-14

The article discusses the necessity of improving the system of scientific-theoretical, historical-literary, and methodological approaches as a unified structure in modern literary studies. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the thematic scope of literary research has been partially renewed. Understandably, ideological and political themes — key components of these studies — have undergone transformations. There is a shift toward axiology, national mentality, philosophical reflection on the rich heritage of peoples, and comparative studies of both individual literatures and the works of specific writers. In the field of literary studies, textbooks, manuals, and anthologies are being published and republished for schools, lyceums, and higher education institutions. There is a wealth of scholarly work on Russian literature, comparative literature, and translation studies, covering both the history of literature and literary theory. The article also explores the scientific concepts of two Uzbek female scholars — S.E. Kamilova and N.M. Petrukhina.

REFORMS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND USING FLUTTER TO CREATE MOBILE APPLICATIONS

Khurram Ergashevich Tangirov — 2025-06-14

The importance of digital educational resources in school education is very great, which serves to improve the quality of the educational process, enhance interactivity and personal development of students. This ensures interactivity and visual presentation of education, that is, digital educational resources (video lessons, animations, simulations) help students understand complex concepts in a visual and practical way, which is especially effective in STEM subjects (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology). This article presents the reforms in the educational process, the work being carried out in our republic and the use of Flutter in creating mobile applications, the sequence of using Flutter widgets in creating mobile applications.

ARTISTIC DETAIL: CLASSIFICATION, FUNCTION, SYMBOLISM

Sukhrob Rustamovich Ermetov — 2025-06-14

The article examines the concept of artistic detail in the interpretation of I.V. Arnold as one of the key elements of text organization. The classification of details by functional features is studied: pictorial, clarifying, characterological and implicative, each of which performs certain textual and aesthetic functions. Particular attention is paid to the symbolic potential of the detail, its ability to evolve into a symbol through repetition and retrospective comprehension. The role of lexical details and actualizers - the title, proper name and details - in creating coherence, depth and conceptual integrity of the artistic text is also analyzed. The work is based on the theoretical provisions of I.V. Arnold and is accompanied by examples from works of foreign literature.

MODERN APPROACHES TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Iroda Khamidova — 2025-06-14

This overview examines the current state of English language teaching in secondary schools across the Republic of Uzbekistan. It highlights recent educational reforms, innovative teaching methodologies, and professional development initiatives for teachers. The paper addresses challenges such as limited exposure to English outside the classroom, adopting new instructional materials, and integrating modern pedagogical in schools. It also explores ongoing efforts to enhance teacher training and curriculum design to improve English proficiency among students, reflecting Uzbekistan’s commitment to fostering global communication skills.

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF FUNCTIONAL CONDITIONS OF 15-16-YEAR-OLD HANDBALL PLAYERS

Mirzokhid Sayfulloevich Rakhmatillaev — 2025-06-14

This article presents research conducted on the functional preparation of 15-16-year-old handball players. During the study, the functional condition of young handball players was monitored using the Facebeat device. Based on the obtained results, a set of optimized special exercises was developed for the team’s training process and implemented in practice.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE DRAMA “ALGUL”

Ziyodakhon Usmanova — 2025-06-14

This article is devoted to the analysis of psychological conflicts in the drama “Alg‘ul” by Khurshid Davron. It analyzes the impact of psychological conflict on the human psyche, psychological tension between characters, and how conflicts should be constructed.

The article first of all focuses on the definition of psychological conflict. Conflict means a struggle arising from a conflict between the opposing needs, desires, or values of two or more parties. In the work, such conflicts usually arise between the main characters and the people around them. In the drama “Alg‘ul”, the psychological conflict takes place between Mirzo Ulug‘bek and Prince Abdullatif. It develops through the inner world of the father and son, their internal struggles, and is expressed through the conflicts in their feelings and decisions.

The article also analyzes the dramaturgical significance of psychological conflicts and how they affect the reading or viewing of works. Psychological conflicts not only remain one of the central elements of dramatic structure, but also, by reflecting them, enhance empathy, emotional change and understanding in the viewer or reader. These conflicts usually create periods of time when the character is forced to make decisions necessary to show the inner development of the character, to achieve his goals or ideals.

THE ROLE OF THE WORLD WARS OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN CHANGING GENDER STEREOTYPES IN LABOR ACTIVITY IN LEADING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

Fania Avzalovna Akhmedshina — 2025-06-14

The world wars of the 20th century became the most important catalysts for changes in gender stereotypes, especially in the context of labor activity. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a comprehensive analysis of women's contribution to maintaining the home front and helping the front during the war, as well as in understanding how these changes affected the social roles and perceptions of women in society. The massive involvement of women in production and military spheres demonstrated their ability to cope with tasks traditionally considered "male", which contributed to the rethinking of gender roles in the labor market. The article examines key aspects of the impact of the world wars on gender stereotypes, including women's participation in labor activity, as well as changes in their political rights and social status. Both positive and negative consequences of these changes are considered, including a return to traditional gender roles in the post-war years and their impact on modern society. The purpose of the article is to examine the impact of world wars on the transformation of gender stereotypes and the perception of gender roles, to identify the main factors that contributed to these changes, and to analyze their long-term consequences.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN: FOUNDATIONS OF MOTOR ACTIVITY

Muyassar Mukhiddinovna Nuriddinova — 2025-06-14

This article examines the characteristics of age periods in preschool childhood, the organization of physical activity of children in our country, its legal basis, as well as an analysis of this process in foreign countries. The article highlights the methodology for developing physical activity and motor skills in preschoolers, as well as conducting physical education activities in Germany, China, Sweden, England, and our country. Special attention is paid to age periods and their specificity, as well as physiological development features, examples from the practice of work in organizational, methodological, educational, and collaborative directions are given. The activities of physical education instructors are analyzed in accordance with the work plan.

DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS IN THE PROVISION OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION SERVICES BASED ON PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

Vasila Sadullayevna Ubaydullayeva — 2025-06-14

The development of preschool education and its impact on various aspects of human life and the economy is highly recognized in Uzbekistan. In recent years, systemic measures have been implemented to assist in the development of young children by expanding access to quality education services. Specifically, the Ministry of Preschool Education was established, a roadmap was approved, and a number of legislative documents were adopted aimed at expanding preschool education and ensuring its effective operation.

IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING LITERATURE ON THE BASIS OF AN INDIVIDUAL-ORIENTED APPROACH

Emina Sa'dulloevna Achilova — 2025-06-14

This article analyzes the issue of improving the methodology of teaching literature on the basis of modern pedagogical approaches, in particular, an individual-oriented approach. The attitude of the personality-oriented approach to international assessment research, the conditions for the application of international assessment research to literary education, and the understanding and awareness of international assessment research assignments have been discussed.

METHODOLOGY FOR INTEGRATING STRENGTH AND SPEED IN PERIODIZED TRAINING SYSTEMS FOR FEMALE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

A’zam Akramovich Boltayev — 2025-06-14

This scientific article examines the theoretical and practical foundations for harmoniously developing strength and speed qualities in 15–17-year-old female basketball players. It analyzes the effectiveness of periodized training systems based on factors such as adolescent physiology, pubertal changes, muscle fiber composition, and neuromuscular coordination. Additionally, it compares international practices, advanced methodologies, and the application of these principles within Uzbek sports schools, providing concrete recommendations.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORGANIZING EXERCISES AIMED AT IMPROVING THE SPEED-STRENGTH TRAINING OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS AT THE STAGE OF SPECIALIZED TRAINING

Anvar Saidmurodovich Rasulov — 2025-06-14

The article examines the studies conducted to improve the special physical training of football players, as well as the issues of improving the speed-strength training of football players at the stage of advanced specialization. The relevance and advantages of using methods and means aimed at improving the speed-strength training of football players at the stage of advanced specialization in the organization of their training are revealed. The effectiveness of the methods and training planning used in the study was proven, and conclusions were made.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL CLUSTER THROUGH STARTUPS, INCUBATORS, AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTS

Dilshod Muxammadsobitovich Uralov — 2025-06-14

This article analyzes the role and importance of the education cluster in innovative development through startups, incubators and research projects. Education clusters, through mutual cooperation and knowledge exchange, help to develop new ideas and technologies by combining education and innovation. The article examines the structure, activities of education clusters and their role in the innovation ecosystem. It also provides information on the projects and programs implemented through startups and incubators, as well as how research activities affect education clusters.

THE ROLE OF 3D STRETCHING EXERCISES FOR STUDENTS ENGAGED IN SPORTS TOURISM

Abdurasul Abdurazzakovich Abdurazzakov — 2025-06-14

This article explores the significance of 3D stretching exercises for students engaged in sport-recreational tourism. It highlights their role in enhancing physical fitness, maintaining muscular elasticity, preventing injuries, and increasing the range of motion. The study analyzes the scientific and methodological foundations of these exercises and evaluates the effectiveness of integrating them into the educational process.

MODERN DIDACTIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING ECOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND THEIR ADVANTAGES

Nosirjon Salimov — 2025-06-14

This article highlights the importance of teaching the subject of Bioecology in medical higher education institutions based on modern didactic technologies. It demonstrates how the effective use of digital tools, multimedia, the internet, and innovative pedagogical approaches contributes to shaping students into environmentally literate, conscious, and responsible professionals. Methods such as case-study and problem-based learning enhance students' analytical thinking, decision-making, and independent research skills. The article analyzes the structural components of bioecological education and evaluates their role in the teaching process. Criteria for developing students' ecological competence are presented through motivational, cognitive, and operational levels. The application of new educational technologies allows for the formation of an innovative methodology in line with the third-generation standards in medical education. As a result, a foundation is laid for training qualified doctors capable of ensuring ecological sustainability.

THE IMPORTANCE OF GAMIFICATION METHOD IN TEACHING LITERARY AND NONLITERARY FORMS OF SPEECH

Nargiza Tulyaganova — 2025-06-14

Gamification is becoming an essential part of modern education, particularly in teaching English as a second or foreign language. This article explores how game-based strategies can support students in mastering both literary and nonliterary forms of speech. By incorporating playful, interactive elements into lessons, educators can help learners engage more deeply, think critically, and build confidence in using the language. The research focuses on practical applications of gamification in university classrooms, evaluates its effectiveness, and reflects on students’ responses. The findings show that when games are used thoughtfully, they can create a more inclusive, motivating, and meaningful learning environment.

TECHNOLOGY FOR ANALYZING THE TECHNIQUE OF THROWING THE BALL AT THE GOAL BY HANDBALL PLAYERS IN COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

Mirzarahim Mirzkarimovich Roʻzibayev — 2025-06-14

This article examined the training and training process of handball players of the “OKMK” team of the region of Toshkent participating in the higher league. Recommendations were developed to improve Test scores and the level of physical fitness of handball players.

ENHANCING DESCRIPTIVE WRITING PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (EFL): A PEDAGOGICAL FRAMEWORK

Sevaraxon Ulug‘bekovna Davronova — 2025-06-14

For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, descriptive writing is an essential skill that helps them effectively engage readers and paint vivid pictures. However, EFL students frequently encounter major obstacles in this area, such as a restricted vocabulary, interference from L1, and trouble organizing sensory details. Based on process-oriented and genre-based methodologies, this article suggests a pedagogical framework for teaching descriptive writing to EFL students. The framework places a strong emphasis on the use of model texts, scaffolding, structured feedback, and explicit instruction in sensory language and figurative devices. Improved vocabulary acquisition, increased proficiency with descriptive techniques, increased writing confidence, and eventually more vivid and captivating descriptive compositions are all anticipated results.

COMPARATIVE-TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS OF THE EPISTLES "JAMSHID AND KHURSHID" AND "FARKHAD AND SHIRIN"

Nafisa Azatbekovna Rakhmanova — 2025-06-14

The article is devoted to the issue of literary roots of images in the epic poem by Alisher Navoi "Farhad and Shirin". The external influences that prompted Navoi to create an epic with a new theme are analyzed. To clarify this issue, the epic poem "Jamshid and Khurshid" by the 14th - century Persian poet Salman Sovaji was taken as an object. Similar motifs are revealed in both epics. Here are some of them: Farhad is the prince of China, love at a distance, a journey with an artist friend, a dragon, a div, a sea voyage and a flood, advice from a wise old man, the hero's slavery, wandering alone in the mountains and friendship with wild animals, a battle with an enemy.

STAGES OF TACTICAL PREPARATION IN MINI-FOOTBALL SPORT

D.B. Shaymardanov — 2025-06-14

The article presents the results of a study aimed at determining the sequence of teaching the stages of tactical preparation in mini-football and identifying the organizational and methodological foundations for improving the tactical preparation of mini-football players for competitions. The study identifies the most common game situations that affect the effectiveness of tactical actions and reveals inefficiencies in the allocation of training time. Based on modern methodologies and statistical data, recommendations are provided for optimizing the tactical training process.

SPECIFICITY OF STAGE DIRECTIONS IN YEVGENIY GRISHKOVETS’ PLAY “THE CITY”

Yekabsons Aleksandra Valeryevna — 2025-06-14

The article analyzes the specificity of the artistic space in Ivan Vyrypaev's play "Oxygen" (2001) in the context of postmodernist discourse. The author of the article, based on the works of Y.M.Lotman, M.Bakhtin, V.V.Savelyeva and other literary critics, examines the multi-layered spatial organization of the play, highlighting the direct, indirect and subjective Space. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the topoi of the province and the capital, as well as their influence on the worldview of the characters. The article demonstrates how the artistic space in Oxygen becomes not only a place of action, but also an important means of expressing the author's view of the modern world, its contradictions and the search for spiritual guidelines. The work reveals how Vyrypaev uses spatial images to create a multifaceted picture of existence, where the private life of the characters is inscribed in the general panorama of the world. The author analyzes the features of the author's use of binary oppositions (house-world, capital-province), as well as the role of the metaphor "oxygen" in the context of the subjective space of the characters.

ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES, CLASSICAL AND ECONOMIC FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN)

Azamat Juraboyevich Usmonov — 2025-06-14

This article, based on the study of international experience, develops proposals and recommendations for improving the indicators used to assess the activities and economic functionality of universities in Uzbekistan. Studies have been conducted to determine the role and tasks of departments, management departments, functional structures in the development of the classical and economic functionality of higher education institutions. Integral indicators of the direct dependence of the effectiveness of the activities and economic functionality of universities on the activities of professors and teachers have been calculated, and scientific hypotheses have been put forward on this basis.

THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN SHAPING CULTURAL IDENTITY

Zarifakhon Makhmudova — 2025-06-14

Language is fundamentally important in defining cultural identity, acting as both a means of communication and a carrier of cultural values, beliefs, and customs. Through language, people forge connections to their ancestry, their communities, and a shared past, cultivating a feeling of belonging and ensuring continuity between generations. This piece investigates the complex link between language and cultural identity, exploring how language molds perspectives, solidifies societal expectations, and shapes both individual and collective understandings of self. The significance of language in upholding cultural diversity is emphasized, particularly how initiatives to revive endangered languages help sustain vulnerable cultures. Moreover, the effect of globalization and language absorption on cultural identity is carefully considered, weighing the potential benefits against the difficulties presented by the prevalence of worldwide languages. Examining these factors, the article stresses the vital need to protect cultural identity within our increasingly globalized world.

EFFICIENCY OF IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PREPARATION OF YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS

Nigora Baxtiyarovna Romanova — 2025-06-14

This scientific work explores the development of physical qualities in young handball players aged 15–16. The research was conducted at the specialized sports school No. 2 in the Yakkasaray district of Tashkent. The main objective was to enhance athletes' physical fitness through the use of innovative pedagogical technologies. Over a six-month training period, significant improvements were observed in strength, speed, endurance, agility, coordination, and flexibility. Notably, the development of the non-dominant hand, overall endurance, and agility showed positive dynamics, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed training methodology for building competitive athletes.

PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE: THE HIDDEN SKILL IN MASTERING A LANGUAGE

Feruza Mansurovna Vakhobova — 2025-06-14

This article analyses pragmatic competence and its role in teaching EFL students. Pragmatics is a study of the communicative action in its sociocultural context. Thus, it can be said that individuals have some sort of pragmatic competence which allows them to use language in different and concrete situations, in varying contexts. Therefore, pragmatic competence is mainly studied at the social level within the limits of speech acts and social acts, interactions or at the interactional level.