Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS OF ALHAGI MAURORUM EXTRACT

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the toxicological effects of Alhagi maurorum (Yantok) extract. Laboratory rats that were administered the extract at doses of 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg did not show any toxic effects or mortality, indicating that the extract is relatively safe. Rats that received the 2000 mg/kg dose exhibited mild toxic symptoms, such as increased respiration rate and reduced mobility, but these symptoms disappeared quickly. Similarly, no mortality was observed in the 5000 mg/kg dose group, although some signs of distress were noted, and the rats returned to normal after a short period. The results of the study indicate that the LD₅₀ value of Alhagi maurorum extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg, which suggests that the extract does not pose a threat to humans or other organisms. Since the study was conducted using only laboratory rats, further in-depth research is needed to determine its effects on humans. The bioactivity and health-supporting properties of this extract offer potential applications in phytotherapy and the food industry.

DIFFERENCES AND SPECIFIC FEATURES OF STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT IN WRESTLING STYLES WITH “LOCKED” HANDS (BELT WRESTLING) AND STYLES WITH FREE HAND MOVEMENT

Sh.S. Mirzanov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the results of a study on the rate of development of static strength endurance of the arm and leg muscles in the isometric mode, involving the muscles of the abdomen, pelvic-hip, and shoulder joints in wrestlers of different styles over the course of a one-year training cycle.

EQUITY AND ACCESSIBILITY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING

Zulaykho Shamshidinovna Jurayeva, Saodatxon Yuldasheva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this article is to investigate the ideas of equity and accessibility in foreign language education by reviewing their theoretical basis, real-world implementation, existing challenges, and possible ways to address them. The discussion shows that language classrooms grounded in equity and accessibility enhance not only students’ academic performance but also their confidence, motivation, and sense of belonging. Consequently, modern educational perspectives emphasize the need for inclusive, learner-centered approaches that reduce barriers and promote equal opportunities for success. Through an examination of modern teaching approaches, digital tools, and inclusive methods, the article emphasizes the significance of creating learning environments that accommodate the diverse needs of all learners.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CAPABILITIES IN EDUCATION

Maksudjan Abdullayevich Yuldashev — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping modern education, creating new opportunities for enhancing the professional competence of English language teachers. This article discusses the integration of AI technologies in developing pedagogical skills, designing curricula, supporting personalized learning, and providing methodological assistance for educators. It also highlights AI’s ability to refine teaching methods, build adaptive learning environments, and offer data-driven analytical insights to improve educational outcomes. Key challenges and ethical issues associated with the use of AI in educational contexts are examined as well. By effectively utilizing AI tools, English language teachers can significantly strengthen their professional practice, boost student engagement, and equip learners with language competencies suited to global communication needs.

MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK INSTAGRAM/FACEBOOK DISCOURSE

Mohibonu Abduganiyeva — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents a comparative analysis of the pragmatic and sociolinguistic features of multimodal discourse in English and Uzbek on Instagram and Facebook. Based on a corpus of 200 posts published between 2023 and 2024, the study examines the interaction of multimodal resources such as images, text, emojis, hashtags, visual genres, and layout. A specially developed analytical framework of 20 parameters enables a detailed comparison of modal composition, politeness strategies, code-switching patterns, identity construction, visual genres, and algorithmic engagement across the two languages. The findings reveal that English posts tend to emphasize individualism, self-branding, and global engagement, while Uzbek posts highlight collectivism, respect, spirituality, and national identity through multimodal means. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of cross-cultural digital communication and offers practical implications for digital pragmatics, translation studies, language teaching, and media literacy.

EFFECTIVE METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

Zulaykho Shamshidinovna Jurayeva, Nigina Khursandaliyeva — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In today’s globalized world, learning English is becoming increasingly important not only for school-aged learners but also for preschool children. Early childhood is a critical period when a child’s thinking, speech, curiosity, and worldview develop rapidly. At this age, children absorb new information quickly and naturally. Therefore, starting English language instruction during preschool years significantly enhances learning outcomes. This article explores the key principles, methods, and modern approaches to effectively teaching English to preschool children.

“ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC SOURCES AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON SHOT ACCURACY AND USE OF THE BACKBOARD IN BASKETBALL”

Murodjon Odiljonovich Nazirov — Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In basketball, the skill of accurately throwing the ball into the basket, particularly the technique of shooting using the backboard, is of great importance. This article presents the development history of the technique of shooting effectively using the backboard, its biomechanical model, and an analysis of foreign and local scientific sources. Additionally, the results of a pedagogical experiment conducted among 14–16-year-old female basketball players and the effectiveness of a specialized training program are highlighted. The study results showed that special training in shooting effectively using the backboard significantly increased shooting accuracy (p<0.01). In conclusion, systematic teaching of the technique of shooting effectively using the backboard is scientifically and practically justified, as it enhances young athletes’ shooting performance and provides additional advantages in competitions.

ABDURAHMAN I - FOUNDER OF THE EMIRATE OF CORDOVA

Turakul Hasanboev , Maftuna Kochkarova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the political situation in Andalusia and the formation of the Umayyad branch of the European dynasty - the Emirate of Cordoba - through the person of Abd al-Rahman I. Abd al-Rahman I, who escaped execution as a result of the seizure of power in the East by the Abbasids, traveled a long way to Andalusia and established his power there. The article analyzes his policy of centralizing the state, strengthening the borders, creating a tax and army system, as well as his great architectural activity, which laid the foundation for the construction of the Great Mosque of Cordoba.

It is also revealed, based on an analysis of available sources and literature, that Abdurrahman I’s political successors continued during the reign of Hisham I, that military campaigns and internal administration were strengthened, and that the state-building initiated by Abdurrahman I reached its peak with the proclamation of the Caliphate of Cordoba by Abdurrahman III in 929.

SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE LONG-TERM TRAINING SYSTEM OF SHOT PUT THROWERS

Farrukh Choriyorovich Ziyayev — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the scientific and pedagogical foundations for improving the multi-year training system of hammer throw athletes. the study analyzes the principles of progressive athlete development, optimization of training load volume and intensity, phased formation of technical and tactical skills, and modern methodologies aimed at preserving athletes’ health. additionally, the article proposes effective approaches to pedagogical monitoring, functional state assessment criteria, and individualized preparation strategies for competitions. the content provides valuable theoretical and practical insights for coaches, researchers, and professionals in the field of sports science.

LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECT OF THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE UNITS

Irada Sabirovna Babayeva — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the linguacultural aspect of language units, emphasizing their role as carriers of cultural meanings. Linguoculturology is presented as an interdisciplinary field connecting language with national worldview and identity. The study analyzes language units such as idioms, proverbs, speech etiquette forms, and kinship terms as linguacultural units. It provides comparative examples from English and Russian to show how meaning is shaped by culture. The work draws on theoretical contributions from scholars like Maslova, Karasik, Teliya, and Vorobyev. Idioms and proverbs are shown to reflect cultural metaphors and traditional values. Speech etiquette and kinship terms highlight social structures and politeness norms. The article stresses that literal translation often leads to communicative failure without cultural adaptation. It concludes that language learning and translation require both linguistic and cultural competence. Overall, the study underlines the importance of cultural literacy in cross-cultural communication.

TOWARDS AN ESP FRAMEWORK FOR SPORTS MANAGEMENT EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN: A NEEDS ANALYSIS APPROACH

Akhmedova Maftuna — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study investigates the English language needs of sports management students in Uzbekistan to establish a foundation for designing an effective English for Specific Purposes (ESP) framework. As the global sports industry continues to expand, professionals are increasingly required to communicate fluently in English for international collaboration, event organization, and cross-cultural management. However, current English instruction in Uzbek universities remains largely general and insufficiently aligned with the communicative and professional requirements of sports management. A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining survey, classroom observation, and document analysis to ensure data triangulation. The results revealed that most students recognize English as essential for their future careers, especially for negotiation, oral communication, and professional correspondence. The study concludes that developing a specialized ESP course integrating communicative and content-based learning is vital to bridge the gap between linguistic knowledge and professional practice. The proposed framework can enhance students’ professional competence and prepare them for effective participation in global sports management.

LEXICO-STYLISTIC DEVICES EXPRESSING EMOTIVENESS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK POLITICAL DISCOURSE

Amira Ulfatovna Rakhmonova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article discusses the lexico-stylistic devices expressing emotiveness in English and Uzbek political discourse. Political language serves not only as a tool of information exchange but also as an instrument of persuasion and emotional influence. The use of emotive language allows politicians to create their desired image, evoke empathy, and guide public perception toward specific ideological goals. This research focuses on identifying and analyzing stylistic devices such as metaphors, epithets, euphemisms, and evaluative vocabulary that contribute to the emotional tone to political speech. A comparative analysis of English and Uzbek political texts reveals both universal and culturally specific trends in the verbalization of emotions. While English political discourse often uses metaphorical and evaluative expressions to enhance credibility and attractiveness, Uzbek discourse shows a preference for culturally loaded phrases and respectful forms reflecting respect and solidarity. The results highlight how emotiveness functions as a pragmatic and stylistic mechanism that forms persuasive influence and intercultural understanding in political communication.

LEARNING THROUGH LAUGHTER: ENCOURAGING CREATIVITY AND CRITICAL THINKING THROUGH FUN CLASSROOM PROJECTS

Nargiza Yakhshibayeva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores how creativity and humor can enhance students’ engagement and critical thinking through project-based learning. It describes two classroom projects conducted with Grade 5 and Grade 7 students at a Presidential school, both designed to encourage collaboration, imagination, and authentic language use. The Grade 5 project, “The Things My Parents Told Me”, focused on recalling and illustrating funny or memorable phrases parents often say, while the Grade 7 project, “Crazy Calls”, invited students to invent humorous emergency calls inspired by real-life examples from the Cambridge THINK 3 course book. Both projects successfully fostered the 4Cs—creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration—while promoting joyful learning and meaningful reflection. The findings suggest that laughter and creativity can play a vital role in motivating students and strengthening classroom relationships.

THE ISSUE OF TIME AND SPACE IN ABE KOBO’S NOVEL “THE WOMAN IN THE DUNES”

G.B. Kosimova — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article is devoted to the study of the problem of chronotope using the example of the novel “The Woman in the Dunes” by Abe Kobo, an outstanding representative of 20th-century Japanese literature. The work pays particular attention to the theory of chronotope developed by M.M.Bakhtin, which is of great methodological importance for the analysis of literary works. Based on this theoretical approach, specific examples are used to analyze the organic unity of time and space and the ways in which they are artistically embodied in the novel.

THE FORMATION OF THE ARTISTIC STYLE OF VICTORIAN WOMEN WRITERS

Feruza Rasulovna Rashidova — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes the main factors influencing the formation of a female writer’s style, including sociocultural background, psychological experience, gender identity, and the development of artistic consciousness. Drawing on the works of Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and George Eliot, the study reveals how the female gaze, empathy, and internal monologue serve as dominant stylistic features shaping women’s literary voices. It concludes that a female writer’s style arises from the synthesis of emotional perception, social context, and creative reflection, contributing significantly to the evolution of literary psychologism in English fiction.

COORDINATION ACCURACY OF TECHNICAL METHODS IN BELT WRESTLERS AND ITS DEVELOPMENT USING BALANCE EXERCISES

H. Musulmonov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides information on the use of technical techniques in belt wrestlers aimed at developing coordination accuracy and balance-keeping abilities.

THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF LINGUACULTUROLOGY IN TEACHING ENGLISH THROUGH THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Shoira Mukhtorovna Turaeva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Linguaculturalogy is essential to the successful acquisition of a second language, because it bridges the gap between linguistic structures and cultural notions. This article examines how linguaculturology can be used to teach English to Uzbek speakers, with a focus on useful teaching strategies. The article provides an empirical analysis of the ways in which a linguacultural approach—which includes communicative tactics that take into account cultural nuances, culturally relevant content, and comparative language analysis—benefits Uzbek-speaking learners. The results show that using linguaculturology improves communication competence and language understanding.

GAMIFYING THE ENGLISH CLASSROOM: WHERE PLAY MEETS PEDAGOGY

Zarina Sharapova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines how gamification, a pedagogical strategy that combines play and learning to improve motivation, engagement, and communicative competence, might be incorporated into English language instruction. The study explores how game-based components, such points, badges, challenges, and narrative missions, might turn conventional classrooms into interactive learning environments, drawing on ideas of constructivism, self-determination, and experiential learning. The study also looks at the advantages, difficulties, and useful tactics of gamification in English classes. It comes to the conclusion that well-designed gamification encourages creativity, teamwork, and learner autonomy in addition to improving language competency.

LEVEL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING, COMPONENTS, MOVEMENT ERRORS, AND THEIR COMPOSITIONS

Akhmatjon Akbarov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article is dedicated to the generalization and analysis of materials published in existing scientific-methodological and periodical publications on the formation and improvement of the athlete's fitness level at the level of their culture and stages of physical, technical-tactical, spiritual, psychological, and theoretical training, as well as its individual components, their composition and grouping, spatial, temporal, strength, and speed-strength characteristics of motor activity, the structure of athlete training theory, the structure and features of its constituent central and peripheral parts, individual errors arising in the process of physical and technical-tactical training and leading to serious injuries, the causes of these errors, and their composition.

CULTURAL LIFE DURING THE SHAYBANID PERIOD AND ITS TEACHING METHODOLOGY IN THE 9TH GRADE OF THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN

Mirkomil Khasanovich Lapasov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the development of cultural life in Transoxiana and Uzbekistan during the Shaybanid period, changes in the fields of education and science from the perspective of teaching history. The article is aimed at effectively conveying historical topics to students through the use of methodologies for the formation of digital and global competencies. At the same time, approaches integrated with UNESCO and UN educational programs are considered.

“IMPROVING COACHING EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG-TERM ‘PROSPECTIVE STRATEGIC’ PLAN WITHIN THE TF ‘IS’ SYSTEM (A CASE STUDY OF BASKETBALL)”

Doniyorbek Rahmiddinovich Nоrkulоv — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

National and international experience shows that traditional training methods do not always ensure the expected effectiveness in developing the technical and tactical skills of young basketball players. This research proposes a long-term coaching approach based on the “Leader–Coach” model and the TF“IS”2 (Systematic Activity and Prospective Strategic) framework to enhance the technical and tactical preparedness of athletes aged 11–14. The theoretical part analyzes the advantages of small-sided games, strategic planning, and leadership-oriented coaching practices.

THE STRUCTURE OF PREDICATIVE CENTERS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Nargis Tashpulatovna Khushiyeva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents a comparative linguistic analysis of the structure of predicative centers in complex sentences in English and Uzbek. The study examines the syntactic and semantic nature of the predicative center, its communicative function within complex sentence structures, and the grammatical means through which it is expressed in both languages. Due to the analytic nature of English, predicative centers are primarily expressed through functional conjunctions, whereas the agglutinative nature of Uzbek allows such centers to be marked by morphological suffixes. The research further explores the structure of predicative centers in coordinating and subordinating complex sentences, their mutual relationships, positional patterns, semantic connections, and cognitive-linguistic features. Comparative results reveal both shared tendencies and significant differences in the syntactic systems of the two languages, particularly in grammatical mechanisms and structural principles. The findings contribute to understanding the role of predicative centers in sentence structure and provide a theoretical basis for future studies in contrastive syntax.

OPTIMIZING SPEED ENDURANCE DEVELOPMENT IN YOUNG TRIATHLETES UNDER THE AGE 15–16

Ibrokhim Odilov — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aimed to develop and experimentally validate a specialized training methodology for enhancing speed endurance in young triathletes aged 15–16. Speed endurance is a critical physical quality in triathlon, determining the athlete’s ability to sustain high-intensity efforts across swimming, cycling, and running segments. The research employed an eight-week pedagogical experiment involving two groups—control (traditional training) and experimental (specialized methodology)—each consisting of ten athletes. The experimental program integrated circuit training, interval work, plyometrics, and technical-tactical exercises, with progressively reduced rest intervals to induce pronounced fatigue. Pre- and post-test assessments included 400 m swim time, 20 km cycling time, 3 km and 5 km run times, stroke/step frequency, and overall endurance scores. Results indicated that the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements in speed endurance indicators compared to the control group, with notable gains in swimming, cycling, and running performance, as well as enhanced muscular endurance and movement efficiency. The findings confirm that a structured, fatigue-based circuit training approach effectively develops speed endurance and specialized physical preparedness in young triathletes. The study provides practical recommendations for coaches to optimize training programs during this sensitive developmental period.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PEDAGOGICAL POTENTIAL OF ENGLISH TEACHERS IN ORGANISING PROJECT-BASED LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Lutfiya Erkinova — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the pedagogical potential of English teachers in organising project-based learning (PBL) activities within both secondary and private language education contexts. Drawing upon constructivist and communicative methodologies, it analyses the key competencies, challenges, and strategies required for effective implementation of project-based learning. The research includes a review of relevant literature, supported by qualitative insights from classroom practice and teacher interviews. Findings reveal that teachers’ success in PBL depends largely on planning, facilitation, assessment literacy, and reflective skills. Institutional support, learner motivation, and access to technological resources also play a crucial role. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for teacher education, curriculum design, and future research.

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COORDINATION ABILITIES IN 12–14-YEAR-OLD FEMALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Mariya Valerevna Moiseeva — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the relevant issue of developing coordination abilities in young female football players. The presented results clearly demonstrate that the exercise complexes developed and proposed by the authors are effective and can be used in the training process of young female football players to improve their technical preparedness. The authors provide sets of exercises that are specially selected and aimed at developing all components that constitute coordination abilities.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN DEVELOPING CREATIVE THINKING AMONG FUTURE HISTORY TEACHERS

Alisher Zayirovich Suvonkulov — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Today, in the educational process, it is important to consolidate students' knowledge, increase their interest and develop creative thinking skills. The role of extracurricular activities in this is invaluable. Because in the process of teaching, it is necessary not only to provide students with theoretical knowledge, but also to develop their abilities through practical activities. Extracurricular activities are aimed at precisely this goal, and serve to arouse students' interest, increase their activity and develop independent thinking. This article describes the effectiveness of extracurricular activities in developing creative thinking in future history teachers.

BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL PREPARATION OF DISCUS THROW ATHLETES AND INNOVATIVE METHODS FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT

Zebo Khusanovna Yusupova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to enhance the technical training of discus throwers using biomechanical analysis methods and innovative technologies. In a scientific laboratory, the athlete's movement was recorded in 3D space using high-precision OptiTrack cameras and specialized Motive software for their control. Kinematic indicators (joint angles, angular velocity, center of gravity trajectory, and impulse transfer) were determined, and a model of individualized training loads was developed. During the pedagogical experiment, the application of this model resulted in significant improvements in throwing distance, stability during the rotation phase, and energy transfer efficiency (p<0.05). Integration of this methodology into the long-term training system ensures steady performance improvement, reduced injury risk, and adaptation to elite athletes' training standards. The research findings are expected to have practical significance in targeted preparation for the Los Angeles 2028 Olympic Games.

USING INTERNET MATERIALS IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS

M.A. Abduvaliyeva — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article discusses the importance and effectiveness of using Internet materials in teaching English to primary school pupils. It explores how online resources can increase learners’ motivation and help develop skills such as independent thinking, listening comprehension, reading, and vocabulary expansion. The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly influenced the field of education, especially foreign language teaching. This article examines the role and advantages of using Internet materials in teaching English to primary school pupils. It focuses on how online resources increase learners’ interest and motivation, support individual learning, and enhance the development of key language skills. The article also provides examples of useful websites and suggests effective ways to integrate them into the classroom. Cameron, L. [2001]. Teaching Languages to Young Learners. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [15–42] — Provides theoretical foundations for teaching English to young learners with focus on motivation and developmental psychology.

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED AT THE END OF THE EXPERIMENT OF HEALTH INDICATORS OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Zafar Beknazarovich Khudaykulov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this article, the dynamics of changes in the health indicators of students of higher educational institutions based on physical education classes, in particular, athletics, was scientifically analyzed. The study used the Quetelet index, the Life Index (HI), the Strength Index (SI), the Ruffier-Dixon index, and compared the indicators of the experimental and control groups. According to the results of the experiment, it was established that physical training, athletic exercises, and factors of a healthy lifestyle have a significant positive impact on the general health status of students, the functioning of the cardiovascular system, and physical performance capabilities. Especially in the experimental group, a significantly high change in indicators was observed. According to the research results, it was scientifically substantiated that track and field training is an effective means of forming physical fitness, functional capabilities, and a healthy lifestyle in students.

IMPACT OF CLASS SIZE ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACQUISITION KOKAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Zulaykho Shamshidinovna Jurayeva, Mukhtaramkhon Erkinjonova — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the impact of class size on English language acquisition and to evaluate how different classroom environments affect learning efficiency. Class size refers to the number of students present in a single classroom under the instruction of one teacher during a lesson or a class session. In the context of language learning, class size plays a crucial role in determining the quality and effectiveness of instruction, student participation, and individual attention. It is one of the key factors influencing the dynamics of classroom interaction and the overall learning environment. The concept of class size is not only about the numerical count of students but also about how this number affects classroom management, teacher workload, student engagement, and learning outcomes. For example, a class with 10–15 students is typically considered a small class, while a class with over 30 students is generally referred to as a large class. However, what is defined as "small" or "large" can vary across different educational systems, institutions, and countries.

PHYSICAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS SPECIALIZING IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS

Khurshid Khasanovich Umarov — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the development of special physical and technical preparedness of gymnast students during the educational and training sessions of the "Improving Sports and Pedagogical Mastery" course, in the context of the challenges in training gymnastics coach-educators.

PRACTICAL MECHANISMS FOR USING HEURISTIC TASKS IN DEVELOPING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES IN FUTURE TEACHERS

Gayrat Orokboyevich Qodirov, Bozormurod Abduvokhidov — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study is devoted to the issues of using heuristic tasks in the process of developing professional competencies of future teachers. The study substantiates the role of heuristic tasks in the formation of independent thinking, analysis of problem situations, creative approach and preparation for professional activity in future teachers. The work develops a pedagogical model aimed at developing professional competencies of future teachers and highlights the mechanisms for its implementation in practice. This model is based on content, process and outcome components, and the conditions for the effective use of heuristic tasks in the educational process are identified. The results of the study are of practical importance in improving the teaching process in higher pedagogical educational institutions and increasing the professional training of future teachers.

IMPROVING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING FOR FIRST-YEAR FOOTBALL STUDENTS THROUGH ESP AND COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH: NEEDS ANALYSIS IN UZBEKISTAN

Durdona Najmiddinova — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the English language learning needs of first-year football major students from three universities in Uzbekistan, with the goal of informing the development of an effective English for Specific Purposes (ESP) syllabus tailored to football education. As football and the global sports industry continue to expand, students are increasingly required to use English for professional communication, understanding sport-specific terminology, and participating in team and managerial activities. However, current English instruction in Uzbek universities remains largely general and does not fully address the communicative and professional needs of football students. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of students’ needs, the study employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, using a structured questionnaire alongside interviews with instructors. The results indicate that students consider speaking and professional terminology as the most important skills and prefer classroom activities such as football terminology exercises and role-plays. They also show strong interest in ESP and competency-based courses that connect language learning with professional practice. The study concludes that designing an ESP syllabus for football students, integrating task-based, interactive, and authentic materials, is essential to enhance language competence and prepare students for effective participation in the professional sports environment.

RATE OF INCREASE OF RAPID AND MAXIMUM DYNAMIC STRENGTH ENDURANCE IN VERTICAL CONCENTRIC-ECCENTRIC MODES WITH LOAD IN QUALIFIED WRESTLERS

Sh.S. Mirzanov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the dynamics of change in rapid and maximum dynamic strength endurance over a one-year training cycle in qualified athletes of certain wrestling styles while performing forward-backward bends and sit-to-stand movements with a 60 kg mannequin within 10 seconds.

THEORETICAL ISSUES OF USING FOLK ORAL ART SAMPLES IN EDUCATING FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN THE SPIRIT OF NATIONAL VALUES

Tanzila Sulaymonova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In today's age of developing information and artificial intelligence technologies, we directly address educational institutions to achieve our ultimate goal of educating the growing young generation to be mature in all respects and faithful to the age-old traditions and values of our people. Since education begins at school with primary education, it is the future primary school teachers who awaken love for the Motherland and a sense of pride in the hearts of the younger generation, who closely introduce the age-old traditions and national values of our people to the younger generation, and who strengthen the feeling of respect and admiration for them in the hearts of children. Therefore, this article analyzes the theoretical issues of educating future primary school teachers in the spirit of national values and using examples of folk oral art, which is the spiritual heritage of our people, which distinguishes them from other nations.

THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

Gayrat Abdullayevich Yusupov — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The methods, significance, and modern approaches to assessing physical work capacity and health status are examined. Determining the level of health and work capacity allows for a better understanding of an individual's physical and mental condition, promoting a healthy lifestyle, and increasing the efficiency of professional activity. The research results contribute to improving methodologies used in healthcare and sports.

TRADITIONAL SYMBOLS IN EASTERN AND WESTERN CLASSICAL LITERATURE

Sokhibakhon Abdullayeva — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the symbolic functions of the “journey” and the “mirror” in Eastern and Western classical literature. Using major examples from Eastern authors such as Attar and Navoi, as well as medieval Western writers like Chaucer and Shakespeare, the study analyzes how journey and mirror imagery reflect spiritual, moral, and psychological processes. In Eastern literature, the journey often serves as a metaphor for spiritual perfection and the Sufi path, while the mirror symbolizes the heart’s purity, spiritual insight, and divine manifestation. In Western literature, the journey represents moral exploration, social characterization, or emotional experience, whereas the mirror functions as a tool for introspection, self-awareness, and aesthetic reflection. Despite cultural differences, both the journey and mirror motifs consistently convey universal themes of human self-discovery, inner transformation, and the pursuit of truth, whether spiritual, moral, or psychological.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INDIVIDUAL REHABILITATION APPROACH IN THE PRE-COMPETITION TECHNICAL TRAINING OF PARA-ARMWRESTLING STUDENTS

Fahriddin Khurramovich Karimov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study examines the effectiveness of an individual rehabilitation approach in the pre-competition technical training of para-armwrestling students. Due to differences in physical condition, muscle activity, endurance, and recovery capacity among athletes with disabilities, standard training programs are often insufficient. This research emphasizes the integration of individualized rehabilitation methods that consider health status, functional abilities, and existing injuries alongside technical and tactical preparation. The effectiveness of the approach was assessed using indicators of muscle strength, pain and fatigue levels, and the quality of technical execution. The findings demonstrate that athletes who trained under an individualized rehabilitation program showed greater improvements in muscle strength and technical readiness, while experiencing lower levels of pain and fatigue compared to those following traditional training methods. The results confirm that individualized rehabilitation not only enhances competitive performance but also supports injury prevention, recovery, and long-term health. The study provides scientifically grounded recommendations for optimizing pre-competition preparation of para-armwrestling students and is relevant to coaches, rehabilitation specialists, and sports medicine professionals.

HPLC–MS ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALHAGI MAURORUM CONCENTRATE GROWING IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF UZBEKISTAN

Bahodir Kholmurodov, Nozima Mustafayeva , Samandar Shodiyev — Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the chemical composition of Alhagi maurorum (yantoq) concentrate collected from two major ecological regions of Uzbekistan — Qashqadaryo and Khorezm — using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–MS). More than forty biologically active compounds were identified across both samples, including flavonoids (quercetin, isorhamnetin, rutin, apigenin derivatives), phenolic acids (vanillic, coumaric, sinapic), vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B9, PP, C), terpenoids (lupeol, farnesyl acetate), aromatic phenols (eugenol, hydroquinone), and various aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Comparative mass-spectral profiling revealed that the Qashqadaryo sample is richer in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and B-group vitamins, while the Khorezm sample exhibits higher levels of terpenoids, aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile aromatic compounds such as damascenone and actinidiolide. These regional variations reflect environmental stress adaptations affecting secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

Overall, the diverse and abundant presence of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and metabolically active molecules indicates that Alhagi maurorum concentrate possesses strong nutraceutical potential. The LC–MS results provide a scientific basis for developing functional beverages or bioactive formulations derived from local Uzbek botanical resources.

ENHANCING SPEED AND POWER ATTRIBUTES IN MINI-FOOTBALL ATHLETES

Isomiddin Khusnutovich Turdibaev — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The study focused on the development of speed and power characteristics in athletes who specialize in mini-football. Particular emphasis was placed on the analysis of the players’ performance during training sessions and competitive matches. The researchers examined changes in speed-power loads over time and proposed recommendations for the optimal structuring and distribution of training sessions to maximize athletic performance. The study highlighted the significant impact of speed and speed-power exercises on enhancing the functional abilities of athletes in the experimental group, particularly their capacity to perform dynamic movements within complex game situations. Additionally, the findings underscored the importance of implementing targeted methods aimed at improving technical and tactical proficiency, as well as refining visual perception and reaction times, which are critical for effective decision-making and performance in fast-paced mini-football environments.

SELF-MANAGEMENT DURING THE STUDENT PERIOD PEDAGOGICAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Вobur Davidov — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Development of pedagogical-psychological features of self-management during the student period, self-activation, self-awareness, self-development, self-disclosure. scientific research is being carried out.

THE DYNAMICS OF PLOT IN THE POETICS OF THE NOVEL

Axmad Sabijonovich Baisov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the complex relationship between fabula and plot in James Joyce’s novel “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man”, emphasizing the philosophical and mythological dimensions of human existence. The author analyzes the inner dynamics of the narrative, showing how Joyce’s creative method transforms real-life experiences into artistic structures. The study highlights the use of myth, religion, and morality as key factors shaping the spiritual world of the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus. Through a deep analysis of artistic chronotope, the article reveals how time and space in the novel acquire symbolic meaning. The research also discusses the typology of static plots and the dominance of inner movement in the psychological structure of Joyce’s prose. The interaction of reality and imagination reflects the universal human quest for meaning and identity. Joyce’s mastery lies in his ability to connect the spiritual and material worlds through language and form. The article concludes that the novel represents not only an individual’s moral awakening but also the evolution of modernist consciousness in twentieth-century English literature.

RATE OF INCREASE OF RAPID AND MAXIMUM DYNAMIC STRENGTH ENDURANCE IN VERTICAL DIRECTION UNDER CONCENTRIC–ECCENTRIC MODES IN SKILLED WRESTLERS DURING ONE MICROCYCLE

Sh.S. Mirzanov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the rate of increase during one microcycle in skilled wrestlers practicing certain types of wrestling in the volume of exercises performed in the vertical direction under concentric–eccentric modes: pull-ups on a bar (within 10 seconds and as many as possible) and lifting and lowering a 60 kg mannequin from the ground to the chest (within 10 seconds and as much as possible).

LINGUISTIC-COGNITIVE PROPERTIES OF THE LEXEME VATAN

Shokhida Inatovna Shodiyeva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article discusses the idea that the Homeland is a product of the historical development of a people, re-created in a natural period consistent with the concepts of our own culture, including the external environment and internal experiences and concepts that require each other.

METHODS OF COMPREHENSIVE APPLICATION OF SPECIAL PHYSICAL EDUCATION EXERCISES FOR OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN

Bobirjon Yuldashev — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Overweight children in schools require specialized physical exercise approaches to effectively manage weight and improve fitness. This article presents a study based on a dissertation that developed and tested a comprehensive exercise program for overweight schoolchildren. A 12-week intervention integrated into physical education classes (with 40 children aged 11–15) and a 10-week after-school exercise program (with 30 children aged 10–14) were implemented. The program combined functional (strength) and aerobic exercises with game-based interval training tailored to the children’s age and needs.

ON THE RESULTS OF THE RELOCATION OF THE POPULATION FROM THE NUROTA OASIS TO THE MIRZACHUL AND JIZZAKH DESERT

Jurabek Jumayev — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article reflects the author’s views on the results of the Soviet government's resettlement of the population from the Nuratau oasis to the Mirzachul and Jizzakh steppes. In it, the researcher, based on a number of archival documents, scientific literature, and materials of periodicals, analyzes that one of the greatest achievements of the Uzbek people in the 20th century - the development of the Mirzachul and Jizzakh steppes - was an important stage in the development of the national economy of our republic.

A SYSTEMATIC MODEL FOR IMPROVING EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH CORPORATE SPORTS PROGRAMS

Akhmad Mukhametovich Mukhametov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the role of corporate sports programs in improving employees’ health, reducing stress levels, and increasing work productivity. A systematic model is proposed to enhance the stability of organizational processes through the promotion of a healthy lifestyle in the workplace. The model outlines mechanisms for organizing sports activities, motivational factors, monitoring and evaluation procedures, and indicators affecting employees’ physical and psychological well-being. The findings demonstrate that implementing corporate sports programs provides positive economic and social outcomes for organizations.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING JUDO TECHNICAL MOVEMENTS TO FEMALE STUDENTS

Munisa Toshboyeva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article is devoted to studying the effectiveness of innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching female students judo techniques. The research involved the use of modern pedagogical methods, interactive learning tools, and practical exercises, which enhanced the quality of the educational process, developed students’ motor skills, and enabled faster and more efficient mastery of judo techniques. The article assessed the pedagogical effectiveness of applying innovative technologies, the level of students’ motor skill acquisition, and their interest in the training sessions. The research results indicate that innovative approaches significantly improve the quality of physical education and sports training.

KINEMATIC INDICATORS OF THE "BLOCK" TECHNICAL MOVEMENT IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS: SHOULDERS, ELBOWS, HIPS, KNEES, AND ANKLES

Ummatov Akram Akhmedovich — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the kinematic indicators of the blocking technique in volleyball players, focusing on the movement patterns of the shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, and ankles. Using advanced 3D motion analysis technology, the research provides a detailed evaluation of how these joints contribute to blocking performance. The findings highlight the importance of coordination and flexibility in joint movements to optimize blocking efficiency, enhance performance, and prevent injuries. The analysis includes both upper and lower body mechanics, offering a comprehensive view of the kinematic demands placed on volleyball players during blocking.

MONITORING TRAINING IN SPORTS GAMES THROUGH DIGITAL AND INNOVATIVE METHODS

Askar Akbarovich Artikov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article analyzes innovative technologies currently used by sports specialists and coaches during competitions and training sessions. In addition, information is provided on the system for the effective use of innovative technologies in sports games. Based on this information, readers can become familiar with innovative technologies suitable for various sports and learn how to apply them effectively in training and preparation processes.

DEVELOPMENT OF SPEED-POWER ABILITIES IN HIGHLY SKILLED FEMALE SAMBO ATHLETES

Gulzoroy Mamurbekova — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

At present, promoting a healthy lifestyle and raising physically and mentally developed young generations is a matter of global importance. Physical education and sports, particularly individual combat sports, play a key role in this process. Sambo, as a combat sport, stands out for its combination of grace, strength, agility, technical-tactical movements, and positive influence on the human psyche. Practicing sambo develops courage, determination, self-confidence, responsibility, and independent thinking in girls. Beyond being athletes, female sambo practitioners gain qualities that allow them to make correct decisions in various life situations.

COGNITIVE-LINGUISTIC INTERPRETATION OF METAPHORICAL SYMBOLISM IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LITERARY NARRATIVES

Nilufar Yakubovna Usarova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the cognitive-linguistic interpretation of metaphorical symbolism in English and Uzbek literary narratives. The study explores the conceptual basis of metaphors and symbols, their connection with national-cultural cognition, and their functional role in storytelling. Using the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, key symbolic metaphors in English and Uzbek short stories are identified and examined from semantic, pragmatic, and cultural perspectives. The findings show that metaphorical symbols in both literatures are deeply rooted in human experience, collective mentality, and cultural values.

ENHANCING TEACHER MOTIVATION AND CREATIVITY THROUGH WEEKLY PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SESSIONS AT THE PRESIDENTIAL SCHOOL IN JIZZAKH

Nargiza Yakhshibayeva — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article explores the impact of weekly professional development (PD) sessions conducted at the Presidential School in Jizzakh, Uzbekistan, focusing on how these sessions enhance teacher motivation, creativity, and professional growth. The PD framework at the school provides a unique platform for both local and international teachers to share innovative methods, digital tools, and student-centred teaching strategies. Each academic year begins with a clear plan, allowing teachers to choose or propose topics aligned with school priorities, ranging from integrating technology in education to fostering positive mindsets. Through collaborative presentations, discussions, and hands-on workshops, teachers not only enrich their pedagogical skills but also improve their confidence, communication, and reflective practices. The findings suggest that regular engagement in PD sessions contributes significantly to teachers’ self-efficacy, motivation, and sense of professional identity, ultimately impacting classroom practices and student learning outcomes. The paper concludes that consistent, purposeful PD initiatives within an international educational setting play a vital role in building a community of practice where continuous learning, collaboration, and creativity thrive.

SPECIFICS OF JAPANESE NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

N.A. Turapova — Sat, 13 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper explores various methods of non-verbal communication within Japanese culture, focusing on specific gestures and facial expressions. Understanding these cues allows for more profound engagement with native speakers and fosters harmonious communicative development.

PRODUCTIVITY OF GAME-BASED TEACHING IN ESL AT HIGHER EDUCATION

Shukhrat Shernazarovich Eshankulov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the productivity of game-based teaching (GBT) in English as a Second Language (ESL) programs in higher education. Productivity is conceptualized as (a) improvements in linguistic outcomes (grammar, vocabulary, speaking fluency, listening comprehension), (b) learner engagement and motivation, and (c) time efficiency in achieving learning objectives. Using a mixed-methods design, the study synthesizes experimental and quasi-experimental data with qualitative insights from student focus groups and instructor journals across multiple undergraduate ESL courses over two academic terms. Results indicate that GBT can yield statistically significant gains in speaking fluency and vocabulary retention, while also enhancing student motivation and perceived usefulness of language practice. Contextual factors—course level, game design quality, alignment with learning objectives, and instructor scaffolding—moderate productivity. The discussion situates findings within constructivist and sociocultural learning theories and offers practical guidelines for implementation, assessment, and scalability in higher education settings.

BODY PERCEPTION AND COORDINATION ABILITIES AS AN INTEGRATIVE BASIS FOR THE TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL TRAINING OF ATHLETES IN BELT WRESTLING

Maksudbek Rustambekovich Muidinov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a scientific analysis of the role of coordination exercises in improving the technical and tactical training of belt wrestlers. During the research process, a special system of coordination exercises aimed at enhancing the technical and tactical performance of wrestlers was developed and tested. The experiment was conducted among second-year students of the Uzbekistan State University of Physical Culture and Sports who specialize in belt wrestling.

In the course of the study, control and experimental groups were formed, and their results were evaluated using five types of pedagogical tests. It was found that the systematic use of coordination exercises has a positive effect on the development of the technical and tactical skills of belt wrestlers, contributing to improved movement accuracy, balance control, reaction speed, and the ability to manage body movements in space. Based on the obtained data, a methodology for the effective use of a complex of coordination exercises in the process of improving athletes’ technical and tactical training was developed.

NOSTALGIYA OF LURIC EXPERIENCES IN UZBEK CLASSICAL LITERATURE

Musajan Sabirovich Tadjibayev — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

“Our generation should be more knowledgeable, healthier and of course happier than us”. These words of the president of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyayev nowadays became the motto of our republic. Today in our country there are a lot of opportunities for young generation to accomplish the aim which was stated by our president. Using these opportunities and support by our country young generation is also trying to discover the unlimited world of different subjects and sciences. Among these subjects the Art occupies a great position too. Especially, the literature has always been the first and foremost subject which impressed our nation all the time. The article analyzes the principles of social and political factors in the creation of art poetic language and hermeneutic analisis of the text in uzbek classic lyrics. Unique masterpieces of Uzbek Literature have been translated into a number of foreign languages for centuries. For instance, the works of Ahmad Yassaviy (11-century), Yusuf Hos Hojib’s “Kutadgu Bilig”(12-century), “Muhabbatnoma” written by Khorazmiy (14-century), literary works of Lutfiy, Navoiy (15-century), Babur (16-century), Mashrab, Turdi, “Temur Tuzuklari” revealing Tamerlane’s life and his conquests and many others are translated into English, Russian, French, German and many other languages. Numerous scientific researches devoted to these works intrigue any audience, indeed. It should be emphasized with delight that a number of ancient Turkish-Uzbek literary essays were founded, reviewed and printed with initiatives of some European researches. Uzbeks are very curious people and always like to learn something new. That’s why from Ancient times our ancestors had strong relationships with not only countries of Asia but also the countries of the world. And indeed, they exchanged their cultures and national riches with each other. In these exchanges the literature has no considerable place.

METHODS OF DEVELOPING PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILLS BASED ON MODERN APPROACHES

Zakhroxon Umarova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores effective methods for developing primary school students’ speaking skills in English based on modern pedagogical approaches. The research emphasizes the importance of communicative competence and learner-centered instruction in early language education. Various interactive techniques such as role-play, pair work, and problem-solving activities were applied to enhance oral communication. Data were collected through classroom observation and questionnaires. The findings revealed that the use of interactive methods increased students’ speaking activity and motivation. The study also highlights the teacher’s role as a facilitator in communicative learning. The results suggest that modern approaches help students overcome language barriers and build confidence. Practical recommendations are provided for teachers to integrate these methods effectively into English lessons.

PHYSICAL FITNESS OF GRECO-ROMAN WRESTLERS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS

Azizkhon Abrarovich Agzamov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article studies the effectiveness of training Greco-Roman wrestlers in technical movements and ways to control them, and a control and research group was formed to develop the qualities of agility, flexibility, and agility in young people engaged in them. Scientific and methodological approaches aimed at improving the process of developing explosive strength qualities at the initial training stage are analyzed. The study covers a complex of special exercises that serve to increase the strength capabilities of teenage athletes, the optimal ratio of load volume and intensity, and methods for step-by-step planning of the training process. Also, biomechanical principles in the formation of explosive strength, tools for controlling functional training, and practical recommendations are given to increase the effectiveness of training programs. The results of the study serve to improve the training system of novice athletes and increase their competitive results.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF INCREASING YOUTH'S INTEREST IN PHYSICS

M.K. Kodirov, X.S. Xaydarov, X.R. Quybakov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the socio-economic factors influencing the formation of students’ motivation to choose highly qualified engineering professions and the achievement of quality education through the teaching of physics in secondary schools and academic lyceums. The study demonstrates that the low quality of physics instruction is primarily associated with the knowledge and skills of the teacher, the level of organization of the educational process in schools, the condition of laboratory equipment, and, most importantly, the student’s motivation to learn.

THE IMPORTANCE OF USING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MUSIC LESSONS OF GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS

Muqaddas Risqulovna Muminova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the significance of integrating innovative technologies into music lessons in general education schools. It highlights how digital tools—such as interactive platforms, virtual instruments, multimedia applications, and online learning resources—enhance students’ musical understanding, creativity, and motivation. The study emphasizes the role of modern technologies in fostering individualized learning, improving practical skills, and enriching the overall teaching process. Furthermore, the article discusses the challenges schools face in adopting technology-based approaches and proposes effective solutions for strengthening music education in the digital era. The findings demonstrate that innovative technologies are essential for making music lessons more engaging, efficient, and aligned with the needs of 21st-century learners.

METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING THE TOPIC OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS BASED ON GOOGLE EARTH

Komiljon Urazov — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This methodological article was developed based on the experience of international schools in teaching the topic of “Mesopotamian civilizations” in history using modern digital technologies, in particular, the Google Earth platform, and the requirements of UNESCO, Cambridge, IB (International Baccalaureate). The article is aimed at forming students' competencies in global citizenship, digital citizenship, critical thinking, cartographic literacy, and analysis of historical landscapes in accordance with the principles of high-quality education (SDG4).

THE ROLE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE OBJECTS IN DEVELOPING MORAL AND ETHICAL EDUCATION OF INDIVIDUALS

Rustam Abdimanonovich Kosimov — Sun, 28 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The current article examines the significant role of cultural heritage objects in shaping the moral and ethical development of individuals. It emphasizes both tangible and intangible heritage, including historical monuments, museums, traditional rituals, and folklore, as valuable pedagogical resources. The study discusses theoretical frameworks linking cultural heritage with moral education, such as cultural identity theory, value internalization, and experiential learning. Furthermore, the paper analyzes practical methods for integrating heritage into formal and non-formal educational contexts, highlighting interactive and immersive approaches. Results indicate that systematic engagement with cultural heritage strengthens ethical reasoning, social responsibility, patriotism, and respect for diversity among students. The study also emphasizes the cultural specificity of heritage and its potential to transmit universal humanistic values. Ultimately, this research provides a conceptual basis for designing educational programs that utilize cultural heritage to foster ethically and spiritually mature individuals.

“ARTISTIC LANGUAGE AND STYLE IN THE WORKS OF RUSSIAN WRITERS (A CASE STUDY OF L. TOLSTOY AND F. DOSTOEVSKY)”

Asilbek Ergashev — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the artistic language and individual style of two outstanding representatives of 19th-century Russian literature — Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. The study is based on their major epic and psychological novels and employs linguistic, stylistic, and comparative methods. Tolstoy’s artistic language is defined by realism, vivid depictions of everyday life, natural dialogue, and philosophical reflection. In contrast, Dostoevsky’s style is marked by polyphony, intense psychological depth, internal monologues, and dramatic narrative structure. The article compares the authors’ lexical choices, syntactic features, stylistic devices, and narrative strategies. Special attention is devoted to their contribution to the evolution of Russian literary language and their impact on world literature. The study highlights the fundamental stylistic differences and intersections between the epic realism of Tolstoy and the psychological polyphony of Dostoevsky, demonstrating their significance in shaping modern literary criticism.

ASSESSMENT OF RAPID DYNAMIC STRENGTH INDICATORS USED BY SKILLED WRESTLERS TO PUSH AN “OPPONENT” DOWN AND LIFT THEM UP USING AN ELECTRONIC MEASURING TRIANGLE

Sh.S. Mirzanov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents findings from a three-month experiment evaluating the development rate of strength types (maximum and explosive strength) associated with lifting an “opponent” (the simulator frame) upward and pressing them downward in skilled belt wrestlers, using an electronic training device that provides real-time feedback. The study revealed that the stronger the downward pressing force applied to the opponent, the more intensive the upward lifting force can be. It was also found that these types of strength showed rapid improvement in the experimental group (EG), which regularly practiced experimentally designed exercises throughout the training period.

METHODS OF DEVELOPING THE PHYSICAL PREPARATION OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS AGED 13-15

Vakhob Murotovich Sultanov — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines and analyzes, based on anthropometric measurements, the ways of developing the general physical and special preparedness of 13-15-year-old football players with different playing roles and the level of their physical development depending on their age. Data on the development of physical fitness, professional skills, and personal qualities of young football players by applying aerobic and anaerobic loads for the purpose of correcting training processes are presented.

CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF EDUCATION UNDER GLOBALIZATION

A.S. Djurayev — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article discusses the problems of the impact of globalization on the development of higher education, as well as the development of the processes of integrating national education systems into a single global educational space, the growing trends of internationalization and competition in the field of higher education, and scientifically analyzes the fact that global integration and unification cover all areas of public life. Such fundamental changes are scientifically and practically based on the fact that competition in the field of goods and services is turning into competition in the field of cooperation and quality education. Also in this article, a comparative analysis of various levels of paradigmatic approaches to assessing the quality of higher education is carried out. In this regard, specific characteristics of the global, macro-regional, national, local levels of education quality assessment are substantiated, each of which contributes to the formation of a general system for assessing the quality of higher education, scientifically and practically substantiated.

PECULIARITIES OF READING TEST DEVELOPMENT FOR ESP STUDENTS

Umida Mamatyusupovna Abduvakhabova — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The development of reading assessments for learners of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) entails distinctive methodological and pedagogical considerations that extend beyond the framework of general English testing. Unlike general proficiency examinations, ESP reading assessments must integrate domain-specific discourse, specialized vocabulary, and authentic task design. This article examines the peculiarities inherent in the development of ESP reading assessments, drawing upon illustrative examples from the fields of law, business, international communication, the study identifies challenges related to authenticity, lexical density, and task design, while also providing evidence-based recommendations for test developers.

CONSTRUCTION OF A MACROCYCLE FOR HIGHLY QUALIFIED ATHLETES IN ROWING

Kh. Yu. Matnazarov — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article substantiates the construction of a macrocycle for highly qualified athletes in academic rowing, taking into account the individualization of training loads. The experimental group that trained according to a model based on shock-intensive macrocycles demonstrated statistically significant improvements in key parameters of technique and physical fitness. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model for the preparation of elite rowers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GYMNASTICS TRAINING FOR PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN

Bobur Bakhtiyorovich Abdullayev — Sun, 21 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article is dedicated to improving the physical fitness of children aged 3-7 who engage in sports gymnastics at the sports and recreational training stage. The age characteristics of preschool children and the methods of developing basic physical qualities - strength, flexibility, coordination, and endurance - are considered. The effectiveness of a comprehensive and safe approach to organizing training aimed at the harmonious development and health improvement of young gymnasts has been demonstrated.

POSTMETHOD PRINCIPLES IN ACTION: DIGITAL TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING LEARNERS’ SPEAKING COMPETENCE

Munisa Tursunova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the incorporation of AI-driven speaking tutors within a postmethod framework to improve the speaking proficiency of high school EFL students. The eight-week intervention included AI conversation partners, real-time feedback on pronunciation, and role-plays based on real-life situations. The experimental group showed significant improvements in fluency, pronunciation, and overall speaking ability compared to the control group. Additionally, students indicated diminished speaking anxiety and heightened engagement. The results show how important it is to make sure that AI tools follow postmethod principles—specificity, practicality, and possibility—in order to teach language effectively. This study shows how AI can help students improve their speaking skills while also encouraging independence and lowering their anxiety.

FORMS AND MEANS OF DEVELOPING STUDENT GIRLS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD PRESSURE AND AGGRESSION

Umida Sunatullayevna Uktamova — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the enhancement of social activity among female students as a pressing socio-pedagogical issue. It highlights the role of forms and means in shaping students’ worldview, increasing their knowledge of rights and self-protection, and emphasizes the educational significance of researchers’ ideas in this area.