Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

INSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP AND SELF-REALIZATION IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF NEW UZBEKISTAN

Makhsuda Ergasheva — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the institutional foundations of women's leadership and self-realization in the higher education system of New Uzbekistan. It considers the socio-philosophical, legal, organizational-managerial and educational mechanisms that expand women's participation in the academic, scientific, managerial and public life of higher education institutions. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between gender equality, human capital, social justice and the modernization of higher education. It is argued that women's leadership in higher education is not only an indicator of the democratization of society but also an important factor of sustainable development, innovative renewal and the formation of a new managerial culture. The article analyzes state strategies, national programmes and institutional practices aimed at supporting women, increasing their social and political activity, and creating conditions for professional and personal self-realization.

EFFICACY OF A FOUR-BLOCK PLYOMETRIC EXERCISE COMPLEX IN DEVELOPING JUMPING ABILITIES OF 7-10-YEAR-OLD RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS

Shahnoza Rakhmatova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study scientifically evaluates the efficacy of a developed four-block plyometric exercise complex on the general jumping abilities of rhythmic gymnasts at the training stage. The research was conducted over 12 weeks involving 60 athletes aged 7-10, randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Pedagogical testing methods were applied, including horizontal and vertical jumps, a jumping endurance test, and the Abalakova test to assess asymmetry. Statistical analysis revealed that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements: horizontal jump increased by 10.0% (p < 0.001), vertical jump by 19.6% (p < 0.001), and asymmetry decreased by 56.2% (p < 0.001). Changes in the control group were marginal. The results confirm the high effectiveness of the proposed complex, which accounts for age-related physiological characteristics, the principle of allometric scaling of loads, and the integration of apparatus manipulation (dual-task), making it highly recommended for implementation in sports school training processes.

DYNAMICS OF HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS IN STUDENT WRESTLERS DURING TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL TRAINING

Sirojiddin Choriyev — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the dynamics of hemodynamic parameters in student wrestlers during technical and tactical training and evaluates the adaptive capacity of their cardiovascular system under physical load. The study focuses on student wrestlers at the stage of advanced sports mastery and assesses their functional state through a two-stage exercise-load test. Key hemodynamic indicators, including heart rate and arterial blood pressure, were analyzed to determine the cardiovascular response to increasing physical demands. The research compares the responses of experimental and control groups and evaluates changes in cardiovascular parameters during technical and tactical exercises. The findings are intended to provide a scientific basis for assessing the adequacy of training loads, improving the organization of wrestling training, and developing effective methods for enhancing students’ physical and functional preparedness. The results may contribute to the development of practical recommendations for optimizing technical and tactical training while maintaining an appropriate balance between training stress and the adaptive capabilities of student athletes.

INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISMS AND SYSTEMIC IMPLEMENTATION

Kh. Khamzaev, Kakhromon Kushbakov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article develops and scientifically substantiates a phased institutional transformation model aimed at the sustainable development of pedagogical higher education institutions within the system of pedagogical personnel training. The study provides a comprehensive systemic analysis of key components, including institutional diagnostics, competency-based curriculum modernization, enhancement of academic staff capacity, digital transformation, and quality of education management. The proposed model integrates these components into a unified institutional framework, ensuring consistency, sustainability, and effectiveness in improving the quality of pedagogical personnel training. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a holistic transformation model combining educational content, human resource potential, digital infrastructure, and quality assurance mechanisms.

MECHANISM FOR DEVELOPING SPEED AND AGILITY IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Duryod Egamov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Today, the global scientific community is conducting multifaceted innovative research across various fields of science and practice, including physical education and sport. In the physical education system of primary school students, particular importance is attached to improving fundamental motor skills, expanding motor potential, developing basic physical qualities such as strength, speed, agility, endurance, and flexibility, as well as activating and optimizing psychophysiological processes, including attention, perception, and motor reactions. In this regard, the use of innovative digital technologies aimed at developing speed and agility in primary school students is becoming increasingly important.

DIDACTIC CONDITIONS FOR APPLYING DYNAMIC ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS IN PREPARING STUDENTS FOR INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZED EXAMINATIONS

D.B Dushabaeva , M.T Kuchimova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial intelligence now forecasts examination outcomes faster than pedagogy has learned to use those forecasts well. This study asks a narrower question: what has to be true for a dynamic AI model to teach, not merely predict, when preparing students for the SAT, ACT, GRE, and GMAT? Drawing on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the TPACK framework, Bloom's taxonomy, and Knowles' andragogy, the analysis ties a diffusion-type stochastic model, based on a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, to four conditions: continuous diagnostic monitoring, individualized content and pace, teacher readiness to interpret the model, and learner reflexive-regulatory competence. Each condition anchors to a distinct term in the same governing equation, which links pedagogical theory and mathematical formalism in a way not previously made explicit. Four limitations are named, and a testable hypothesis closes the paper.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BASED ON THE THOMAS–KILMANN MODEL

Mukhtabar Vakhobova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the psychological characteristics of conflict situations occurring within student groups through the application of the Thomas–Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI). The prevalence of various conflict management strategies was statistically assessed, and the interrelationships among these strategies were identified through empirical analysis. The findings provide insights into students’ behavioral patterns in conflict situations and contribute to a deeper understanding of conflict management processes in educational settings. Based on the obtained results, practical recommendations were developed to enhance effective conflict management and foster a positive socio-psychological environment within student communities.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LANGUAGE TEACHING AT HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN UZBEKISTAN

Namaz Mamasalievich Karimov, Zulfiya Odiljanovna Karimova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is transforming higher education worldwide, creating new opportunities for language teaching and learning. In Uzbekistan, the modernization of higher education and the implementation of digital transformation strategies have accelerated the integration of AI-based tools into educational practice. This study examines the prospects of artificial intelligence in language education at higher education institutions of Uzbekistan. The research employs analytical, comparative, and descriptive methods to investigate the current state of AI implementation, its pedagogical potential, and challenges associated with its adoption. The findings indicate that AI technologies contribute to personalized learning, adaptive assessment, automated feedback, and the development of communicative competencies. At the same time, issues related to digital literacy, ethical concerns, data security, and teacher preparedness remain significant barriers. The study concludes that the successful integration of AI into language education requires a balanced approach combining technological innovation, pedagogical expertise, and institutional support.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE CAPACITY OF ELITE ATHLETES AND STRATEGIES FOR ITS ENHANCEMENT

Sherzod Inogamovich Shadzhalilov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Currently, maintaining and improving the work capacity of highly qualified athletes is one of the most relevant issues in sports science. Modern highly qualified athletes perform under conditions of high training loads and an increasingly congested competition calendar [1]. Scientific studies emphasize that the main factors affecting athletes’ work capacity include the level of physical fitness, the functional state of body systems, training and competition loads, nutritional regimen, recovery processes, and psychological preparation. This article analyzes the influence of these factors on the athlete’s organism and highlights their relationship with work capacity efficiency. Furthermore, the impact of the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, oxygen consumption indicators, fatigue mechanisms, and recovery processes on sports performance has been examined. Research findings indicate that scientifically based planning of training loads, functional monitoring, balanced nutrition, psychological preparation, and the use of modern recovery strategies can significantly improve athletes’ work capacity. It has been established that in most athletes, the year-to-year increase in training volume follows a non-linear pattern, which subsequently leads to a stabilization (plateau) phase [2]. Scientific evidence has been systematized from the perspective of field-applicable monitoring domains in sports practice and their importance for decision-making processes [3]. Therefore, comprehensive investigation of the factors affecting the work capacity of highly qualified athletes and their optimization represent essential conditions for achieving high-level sports performance.

SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF STUDENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES

Sunnatilla Berdiyev — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The indicators of the psychophysiological state of students with physical disabilities were studied. During the experiment, a comprehensive set of methods was applied, including special exercises aimed at developing sensorimotor coordination, speed-strength exercises designed to activate the neuromuscular system, workloads aimed at improving functional endurance, and psychoregulation techniques. In this study, athletes from the control group trained according to the traditional training program that had been used in practice throughout the experimental period. During the training process, the specially developed adaptive management model, the mechanism for correcting individual workloads, and the psychophysiological monitoring system were not applied. Therefore, the changes observed at the end of the pedagogical experiment were assessed as results formed under the influence of the natural training process.

THE DUALITY OF APPEARANCE AND REALITY AS A STRUCTURING PRINCIPLE OF AGATHA CHRISTIE’S DETECTIVE FICTION

Sevara Makhamadjonovna Mamadjonova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the duality of appearance and reality in Agatha Christie’s detective fiction as an important element of her narrative poetics. Although Christie’s narrative techniques and detective strategies have attracted considerable scholarly attention, the duality of appearance and reality has rarely been analyzed as a coherent organizing principle of her works. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the opposition between appearance and reality functions at the levels of narrative structure, characterization, and reader perception. The analysis is based on Christie’s novels “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd”, “Murder on the Orient Express” and “And Then There Were None” and employs structural, narratological, and interpretative methods. The results suggest that the opposition between appearance and reality functions as a key organizing principle of Christie’s detective fiction, shaping narrative structure, characterization, plot construction, and reader perception. The study shows that dualism is not only a theme in Christie’s detective fiction but also a significant element of its narrative organization.

A METHOD FOR TOTAL RNA EXTRACTION FROM SPECIES OF COUSINIA CASS

Zamira Rakhimjonova, Umida Tojiboyeva, Nikitina Elena Vasilievna — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated the extraction of total RNA from plant species of the genus Cousinia Cass. and the assessment of its quality. These plants are important components of the Central Asian flora and are characterized by their adaptation to various environmental stress factors. The main objective of the study was to develop an effective method for obtaining high-quality RNA from plant tissues and to evaluate its suitability for subsequent molecular analyses. RNA extraction was performed using a commercial RNA extraction kit. Samples were ground in liquid nitrogen, subjected to lysis, and purified using a spin-column technology. The quality and quantity of the extracted RNA were assessed using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrated high RNA purity (A260/A280 = 1.9–2.1) and the absence of substantial degradation. The method was found to be suitable for gene expression studies, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR analyses in Cousinia species. These results provide an important basis for future studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying stress tolerance at the molecular level.

EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING YOUNG FREESTYLE WRESTLERS IN TECHNICAL ACTIONS

Arzibek Joldasov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the organizational, methodological, and didactic foundations for increasing the effectiveness of training young freestyle wrestlers in technical movements based on the logic of scientific-theoretical and pedagogical experience. The concept of the research is based on the principles of gradual mastery of its structural elements rather than simple repetition of a technical movement, their integration into a holistic movement system, interconnection of technical methods, application in conditions of variable resistance, and transfer to training and competition activities. In the submitted scientific material, the performance indicators of young Greco-Roman wrestlers in technical techniques using 15- and 30-second tests were compared in the control and experimental groups, and the results were evaluated using indicators such as M, σ, V%, t, and p. The methodological structure of this approach was adapted to the technical and tactical content of freestyle wrestling; the article developed a six-stage training model, criteria for assessing technical training, experimental design, and an algorithm for the statistical interpretation of results. The article does not replace the actual individual data of the practical experiment; the statistical table forms provided in the results section should be supplemented with the actual results of the freestyle wrestling experiment.

THE SECRETS OF LEARNING A NEW LANGUAGE: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESSFUL LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Malika Maratovna Ubaydullayeva, Irina Rafailovna Avyasova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Successful foreign language acquisition is influenced by a complex interaction of cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors rather than by any single teaching method. This article explores the key determinants of effective language learning, with particular emphasis on motivation, foreign language enjoyment, learner autonomy, effective learning strategies, consistency in practice, and individual learner differences. The study is based on a comprehensive review and analysis of contemporary research in second language acquisition, educational psychology, and language teaching methodology. The findings demonstrate that sustained motivation and positive emotional engagement encourage learners to persist in their studies, while strategic learning behaviors and regular practice facilitate long-term language development. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of adapting learning approaches to learners' individual characteristics, including learning styles, personality traits, age, and educational background. The analysis confirms that successful language acquisition is best achieved through a balanced integration of motivational, cognitive, and personal factors, supported by continuous practice and learner-centered instruction. The results may provide practical guidance for language teachers, curriculum developers, and learners seeking to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of foreign language learning.

SEMANTIC SHIFTS IN THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL REALIA: EVIDENCE FROM ENGLISH - UZBEK LITERARY TRANSLATION

Mushtariy Akhmedova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The translation of cultural realia represents one of the most complex areas of literary translation because culture-bound lexical units encode not only denotative information but also historical, social, institutional, material, and symbolic meanings. Although previous research has extensively examined the strategies used to render realia, comparatively less attention has been devoted to the semantic consequences produced by those strategies in English–Uzbek literary translation. The present study investigates semantic shifts occurring in the translation of cultural realia through a comparative analysis of Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations and Abdulla Qodiriy’s Mehrobdan Chayon (The Scorpion from the Altar), with particular attention to the English translation by I. M. Tuxtasinov. The study employs comparative textual analysis, contextual-semantic analysis, classification, and descriptive quantitative procedures. Cultural realia are examined according to the relationship between their source-text semantic structure and their translated representation. The analysis distinguishes semantic preservation, specification, generalization, cultural substitution, semantic modification, reduction, explicitation, and cultural-semantic loss. The findings demonstrate that translation procedures cannot be evaluated solely by their formal correspondence to source-language units: the same procedure may preserve one semantic component while weakening another. Particularly significant are cases involving historically marked social titles and institutional vocabulary, where a target-language equivalent may communicate the general referent while reducing its historical or sociocultural specificity. The study argues that semantic-shift analysis provides a more precise account of cultural transfer than a strategy-based classification alone. The research contributes to English–Uzbek translation studies by connecting the established study of realia with semantic transformation and by emphasizing the preservation of multidimensional cultural meaning.

A COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH TO ENHANCING THE MANAGERIAL COMPETENCE OF DIRECTORS IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

Maksudjan Abdullayevich Yuldashev — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the enhancement of managerial competence among directors of preschool educational organizations operating within public-private partnership frameworks. The study identifies the key competencies required for effective leadership in contemporary PPP-based preschool education, including strategic planning, organizational coordination, decision-making, communication, financial and resource management, digital leadership, stakeholder collaboration, and quality assurance. Particular attention is given to the need to balance public educational standards with private-sector principles of efficiency, accountability, flexibility, and institutional sustainability.

The article presents a competency-based approach that integrates managerial knowledge, practical leadership skills, professional values, reflective practice, and continuous professional development. This approach is intended to strengthen directors’ capacity to manage institutional resources effectively, support staff development, maintain educational quality, cooperate with families and external partners, and respond to changing regulatory, technological, and social demands. The study argues that the systematic enhancement of managerial competence can improve governance, organizational performance, accountability, and the long-term sustainability of preschool institutions functioning within public-private partnership settings. The proposed approach may also serve as a methodological foundation for designing professional development programmes, training modules, mentoring systems, and competency assessment criteria for preschool directors.

A MODERN MODEL FOR ORGANIZING LITERATURE EDUCATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL AND DIGITAL-INTEGRATED TEACHING

Nilufar Oymatova Mirjamolovna — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the methodological foundations and effectiveness of a digitally integrated educational model for organizing literature education in higher education institutions. The study was conducted using pedagogical experimentation and comparative analysis. The results of the traditional teaching approach were compared with those of the proposed digitally integrated educational model. The findings demonstrate that the model has a positive impact on students’ academic achievement, literary text analysis skills, independent learning, learning motivation, classroom engagement, and creative thinking. The results further indicate that integrating digital educational tools into a unified didactic system is an effective approach to improving the quality of literature education. The proposed model contributes to the enhancement of teaching methodology in philological disciplines and supports the digitalization of the educational process in higher education.

GENDER ASPECTS OF YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONS: INTERNATIONAL TRENDS AND THE EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN

F.A. Akhmedshina — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents a historical-humanities analysis of the evolution of scholarly perspectives on youth mental health and related gender differences amid social and digital transformations. Drawing on international research, WHO and UNICEF reports, and data from HBSC 2021–2022 and MICS Uzbekistan 2021–2022, it traces the expansion of the scientific paradigm from the clinical-psychiatric model to biopsychosocial, social-determinants, and digital approaches. The higher prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among girls and externalising behaviours among boys is explained through the interaction of biological predispositions, gendered social norms, and institutions of socialisation. Digital platforms, algorithmic personalisation, and generative artificial intelligence do not create fundamentally new patterns of psychological distress but alter the intensity and forms of existing risk factors. Uzbekistan is examined as a case in which digital modernisation coexists with the enduring influence of the family, mahalla, and extended kinship networks. The article proposes a historical-humanities periodisation of scholarly approaches and substantiates the need for gender-sensitive prevention, stronger school psychological services, and reduced regional inequalities in access to support.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: LINGUISTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES

Gulshan Aliyeva — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The rapid development of social networking platforms has significantly transformed contemporary communication and has given rise to new forms of discourse that differ from traditional written and spoken communication. Social media discourse is characterized by informality, brevity, interactivity, multimodality, linguistic creativity, and the rapid exchange of information and opinions. The present study examines the linguistic and pragmatic characteristics of social media discourse in English and Uzbek from a comparative perspective. The research focuses on the ways in which users of the two languages employ lexical, grammatical, pragmatic, and multimodal resources to construct meaning and negotiate interpersonal relationships in digital environments. Particular attention is paid to abbreviations, colloquial vocabulary, slang, code-switching, pragmatic markers, speech acts, evaluative expressions, politeness strategies, emojis, hashtags, and other digital discourse markers. The study applies a qualitative comparative approach informed by computer-mediated discourse analysis, discourse analysis, and linguistic pragmatics. The analysis demonstrates that English and Uzbek social media discourse share several global characteristics, including informality, expressive language, conversationalization, abbreviated forms, and extensive use of multimodal resources. At the same time, differences can be observed in the realization of politeness, forms of address, code-switching practices, evaluative expressions, and culturally determined communicative strategies. The findings suggest that social media should be regarded not merely as a technological environment but as a dynamic linguistic space in which language users continuously adapt conventional communicative resources to new social and technological conditions.

PRAGMATIC LACUNAE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE UNITS

Saybulbot Muhammadaliyevich Azamov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article provides a contrastive analysis of pragmatic lacunae in English and Uzbek speech etiquette. It examines mismatches in address forms, greetings, requests, gratitude, apologies, invitations, and farewells. Pragmatic lacunae are shown to arise from differences among linguistic forms, social relationships, cultural expectations, and conventions governing contextually appropriate communication.

THE THEORETICAL, HISTORICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGY TEACHING METHODOLOGY

Gayrat Urokboyevich Kodirov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article examines the theoretical, historical, and methodological foundations of biology teaching in modern education. It highlights the role of competency-based and active learning in developing students’ scientific thinking, environmental awareness, and practical competencies. The educational ideas of al-Farabi, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, and the Jadid movement are considered. Effective biology teaching contributes to developing independent, scientifically minded, and responsible individuals.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF USING GAMES IN TEACHING STUDENTS OF NATURAL SCIENCES

Begali Isroilovich Khamdamov, Abdikhalik Nurmamatovich Urozov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

In recent years, a new approach to learning in the form of educational games has gained popularity, particularly in the teaching of physics and technology. This study proposes an innovative concept for implementing an approach to learning through educational games at a university. This is done to ensure continuous learning and interdisciplinary opportunities for students. The study examines the development of natural skills and knowledge in the context of game-based learning. It describes the moment when learning is expected and the role of game elements in student engagement and interaction with educational game content. The study also describes the principles of collaborative learning, which are key pillars for the acquisition of cognitive and research skills. The contribution of game-based learning is further linked to the improvement and development of thinking. The study also examines theories that are important for the development of a game-based learning approach: narrative-centered learning theory, problem-solving theory, and engagement theory. After outlining the theoretical foundations, the article examines teachers' views on the game-based approach to learning. The advantages and disadvantages of game-based learning are also discussed.

THE USE OF INNOVATIVE METHODS IN THE SELECTION OF 7–8-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN FOR FOOTBALL

Elyor Haqmuratovich Kuvatov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents information on improving the methodology of selecting talented children for football through the use of innovative tests. It also addresses the development of new test standards aimed at the objective assessment of the physical development, physical fitness and motor abilities of young athletes. Proceeding from the necessity of improving the methodology of selecting talented young football players for the initial training stage on the basis of comprehensive research using pedagogical, medical-biological and sociological methods, the article indicates the ways of carrying out research work based on scientific and practical experience concerning the main stages of organising an effective selection system.

THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF ABU RAYHAN BIRUNI AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD SCIENCE

U.S. Tupchiev — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the life, scientific activities, and immense contribution to world science of Abu Rayhan Beruni-a brilliant encyclopedic scholar and prominent representative of the Eastern Renaissance in Central Asia during the 9th-12th centuries-based on modern scientific and methodological approaches. Furthermore, it scientifically substantiates the contemporary relevance of studying the scholar's heritage and its role in the upbringing of the younger generation.

CONTENT AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING STARTUP PROJECT DESIGN COMPETENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION BASED ON THE “FROM IDEA TO PROJECT” PRINCIPLE

Orif Karimov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the content and methodological foundations for developing students’ startup project design competence in higher education institutions. The study analyzes the issue of guiding students toward the development of practical projects based on the “from idea to project” principle. The article explains the formation of startup project design competence through a two-stage pedagogical model. At the first stage, it is proposed to integrate topics related to the development of practical projects and independent learning assignments into the content of selected specialty courses. Through this approach, students master the concept of a project, its stages, practical significance, and future prospects. At the second stage, the necessity of developing students’ skills for systematic work on startup projects through the teaching of the course “Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship” is substantiated. Within the framework of this course, the article highlights opportunities for supporting students’ startup projects, involving them in spin-off enterprises, and developing elements of dual education. In the study, startup project design competence is interpreted in relation to innovative thinking, business model development, MVP creation, identification of funding sources, and pitching skills.

THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPING STRENGTH AND SPEED-STRENGTH QUALITIES IN QUALIFIED JUDOKAS

Iroda Ulugbekovna Nurmetova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of developing strength and speed-strength qualities in qualified judokas. The importance of strength and speed-strength qualities in the effective execution of technical actions, overcoming an opponent’s resistance, and performing attacking actions rapidly is analyzed. The article also presents practical recommendations on the means and methods used to develop these qualities and their application in the training process.

COGNITIVE CATEGORIZATION OF UNITS OF MEASUREMENT: FROM OBJECTIVE REALITY TO DISCURSIVE REALIZATION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK

Sherzod Khalikulovich Djabbarov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents an integrative cognitive-discursive interpretation of units of measurement in English and Uzbek. It distinguishes measurement as a universal cognitive operation from the measurement unit as a socially standardized and linguistically verbalized form of quantitative experience. The theoretical framework combines prototype theory, cognitive grammar, frame semantics, embodied cognition, and cognitive approaches to language and knowledge. English units such as inch, foot, yard, mile, and meter are compared with Uzbek qarich, qadam, gaz, tanob, metr, and kilogramm. Conceptual-semantic, comparative, and discourse-oriented analysis shows that measurement vocabulary may develop metaphorical, evaluative, and cultural meanings beyond direct quantification. The principal result is an authorial conceptual model: Objective Reality → Perceptual Perception → Cognitive Comparison → Categorization → Standardization → Conceptualization → Verbalization → Discursive Realization. The model explains the interaction of universal cognitive mechanisms with culture-specific standards and discourse practices.

THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE HERO CONCEPT IN AMERICAN POST-APOCALYPTIC NOVELS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Oybek Muhammadjonov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the distinctive features of the hero concept in American post-apocalyptic novels through a comparative analysis of Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, Colson Whitehead’s Zone One, and Emily St. John Mandel’s Station Eleven. Background: post-apocalyptic fiction is widely held to challenge the traditional, victory-oriented heroic model, yet this transformation has rarely been examined comparatively across a defined set of American texts. Purpose: the study identifies and compares the distinct forms heroism takes once the possibility of restoring the previous social order is foreclosed. Methods: a qualitative, comparative literary methodology was applied to a purposive corpus of three novels, using close reading guided by a three-part theoretical framework (social construction of heroism, the American monomyth and its post-apocalyptic rupture, and trauma theory). Results: the analysis identifies three major forms of post-apocalyptic heroism — moral protection, psychological survival, and cultural preservation — corresponding respectively to the three novels. Conclusion: the post-apocalyptic hero is not simply a victorious individual who restores a lost social order, but a vulnerable and complex figure who preserves humanity, meaning, and the possibility of a future under conditions of social collapse.

METHODOLOGY FOR A SET OF EXERCISES AIMED AT DEVELOPING THE TECHNICAL READINESS OF 11-12 YEAR-OLD FOOTBALL PLAYERS AT THE TRAINING STAGE

Shukhrat Shokirzhanovich Karabayev — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article describes a complex of special exercises aimed at developing the technical readiness of 11–12-year-old football players in the training stage and the methodology for their application. The study developed a system of technical exercises based on the characteristics of the physiological and psychomotor development of young football players, the importance of sensitive periods, and the requirements of modern football. The exercises are aimed at improving basic technical elements such as ball carriage, passing and receiving, hitting the goal, and taking the ball away. The results of the control tests conducted at the beginning of the study showed that the technical readiness of the young players was not sufficiently formed. The results obtained confirm that the implementation of the developed set of exercises into the training process serves as a scientific and practical basis for the effective development of technical skills.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COOPERATIVE DECISION-MAKING AND IMPROVING TEACHING QUALITY AS A PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

Gulnoza Salomova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The continuous transformation of higher education systems has significantly increased the demand for innovative governance models capable of ensuring sustainable educational quality. Among these approaches, cooperative decision-making has emerged as an effective mechanism for strengthening institutional management and improving teaching quality through active stakeholder participation. This article examines the relationship between cooperative decision-making and teaching quality as a pedagogical problem within higher education institutions. The study explores contemporary theories of participatory governance, collaborative leadership, and educational quality management while emphasizing the role of academic staff, students, administrators, and other stakeholders in collective decision-making processes. Using theoretical analysis, comparative review, and systematic synthesis of international research, the paper identifies the pedagogical factors influencing collaborative governance and their contribution to educational effectiveness. The findings indicate that cooperative decision-making enhances institutional transparency, academic responsibility, professional motivation, innovation, and continuous quality improvement.

Furthermore, the article argues that integrating cooperative governance into higher education management creates favorable conditions for sustainable institutional development and student-centered learning. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of educational management by demonstrating that cooperative decision-making should be considered not only as an administrative strategy but also as an essential pedagogical mechanism for improving teaching quality.

A COMPETENCY-BASED MODEL FOR DEVELOPING THE MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF DIRECTORS IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

Dilrabo Uchkunovna Akramova — Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article examines the development of management skills among directors of preschool educational organizations operating within public-private partnership frameworks through a competency-based approach. The study focuses on the professional competencies required for effective leadership in contemporary preschool education, including strategic planning, organizational management, communication, decision-making, financial and resource management, digital competence, and quality assurance. Particular attention is given to the specific managerial challenges arising from the interaction between public education requirements and private-sector principles. The article proposes a competency-based model that integrates managerial knowledge, practical skills, professional values, reflective practice, and continuous professional development. The model is designed to strengthen directors’ capacity to manage institutional resources effectively, support staff performance, maintain educational quality, engage with families and stakeholders, and respond to changing regulatory and social demands. The study argues that systematic competency development can contribute to more efficient governance, greater institutional sustainability, and improved quality of preschool education in public-private partnership settings. The proposed model may also serve as a methodological basis for designing professional development programs, assessment criteria, and training modules for preschool directors.

IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING DESIGN COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN A DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Bekzod Uktamovich Rasulov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article addresses the issues of improving the methodology for developing the design competence of future teachers under the conditions of a digital learning environment. Relying on the conceptual synthesis of traditional teaching methods and innovative approaches, the pedagogical opportunities for involving future teachers in project activities are substantiated. The study provides information on the integration of Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Design Thinking technologies.

METHODOLOGY OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS' PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE ON THE BASIS OF SPEECH ACTS

Shahnoza Jurakulovna Rahimova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The present article is devoted to the theoretical foundations and practical methodology of developing the pragmatic competence of language-learning students through the framework of speech act theory. Pragmatic competence - the learner's ability to use language appropriately in social context, to perform and interpret communicative functions, and to relate utterances to the speaker's intentions — is increasingly regarded as a central, yet frequently neglected, component of communicative competence. The article situates pragmatic competence within the influential models of Hymes, Canale and Swain, and Bachman, and then turns to the speech act theory of Austin and Searle as the principal analytical instrument for describing what learners actually need to learn. It distinguishes pragmalinguistic from sociopragmatic knowledge, examines the phenomenon of pragmatic transfer and cross-cultural pragmatic failure, and reviews the empirical evidence in favour of explicit instruction. Building on this foundation, the article proposes a staged, five-phase methodology - diagnosis, awareness-raising, input and noticing, controlled and communicative practice, and assessment - and illustrates it with concrete classroom techniques for teaching requests, apologies, refusals, complaints, suggestions and compliments. The contribution of the article is a coherent, theoretically grounded yet classroom-applicable procedure that teachers may adopt to make the pragmatic dimension of language an explicit object of instruction

A PEDAGOGICAL MODEL FOR DEVELOPING SELF-MONITORING COMPETENCE IN PARA SHOOTING ATHLETES

Farkhat Mukhmudjanovich Muradov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article substantiates a pedagogical model for developing self-monitoring competence in para shooting athletes. The relevance of the problem is determined by the fact that precision performance cannot be managed only through the final score or continuous external instructions from the coach. An athlete must learn to recognise functional and technical signals during preparation, aiming, triggering and follow-through, compare them with an individual performance standard, and make a limited corrective decision without disrupting an automated motor programme. The study used an integrative analysis of research on self-regulated learning, motor skill acquisition, shooting biomechanics, attentional control and biofeedback, together with the analysis of current World Shooting Para Sport rules and pedagogical modelling. The resulting model includes five interrelated components: cognitive, perceptual-diagnostic, regulatory, reflective and communicative. A four-phase self-monitoring cycle was designed for use before a series, during execution, immediately after a shot and after the series. Six observable control domains were specified: breathing rhythm, unnecessary muscle tension, body-support stability, aiming behaviour, trigger execution and follow-through. The model differentiates the content of self-monitoring for SH1 athletes, who support the firearm independently, and SH2 rifle athletes, who use an approved support stand. A five-stage pedagogical implementation sequence is proposed, progressing from coach-led explanation to calibrated guided practice and autonomous use. The model is not intended to replace instrumental diagnostics or coaching expertise; rather, it translates objective feedback into an athlete-accessible learning process. The approach may also be adapted to other sports in which athletes must recognise key internal and external performance cues, regulate effort, and evaluate execution between repeated attempts.

THE LEVEL OF MEDIA LITERACY OF FACULTY AND STUDENTS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION AND CYBERSECURITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Dilfuza Allayorova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article presents a comparative analysis of the level of media literacy among faculty members and students in the field of information and cybersecurity within the higher education system. The growth of information security threats and the spread of misinformation and manipulative content in the digital environment require a high level of media literacy and cybersecurity culture among all participants in the educational process. Based on an analysis of foreign and domestic scholarly sources, the article identifies differences in knowledge, skills, and behavior between faculty and students, explains their underlying causes, and develops practical recommendations for enhancing media literacy and information-cybersecurity culture in higher education institutions.

INTERLINGUAL PHONETIC INTERFERENCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON MATERIAL FROM THE UZBEK, ENGLISH, AND FRENCH LANGUAGES

Abdugafur Mamatov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of comparative linguistics, its role in modern linguistics, and certain issues related to the phenomenon of interlingual interference. Particular attention is paid to the problems of interlingual interference, its manifestations in bilingual and multilingual contexts, and its positive and negative aspects. The concepts of interference, bilingualism, transfer, language contact, phonetic interference, and grammatical interference are examined through illustrative examples. The article also presents examples demonstrating the various forms of interference in bilingual and multilingual contexts, as well as its positive and negative effects.

IMPROVING THE MECHANISMS FOR TRAINING PROSPECTIVE MUSIC TEACHERS IN UZBEK FOLK MUSICAL CREATIVITY WITHIN THE CONTINUITY OF HIGHER AND GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION

Elnoza Ismatillayevna Kudratova — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article explores the effective use of the pedagogical potential of Uzbek classical and makom music in preparing pre-service music teachers for school education. It scientifically substantiates the necessity of systematic training in classical music across undergraduate years and mastering regional performance styles. Practical recommendations are provided to foster national identity and artistic-aesthetic culture in students by improving teaching materials and integrating curricular and extracurricular activities.

FROM CONSTITUTION TO ADAPTIVE PROFILE: REPOSITIONING THE HEATH–CARTER SOMATOTYPE WITHIN AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION

M. G. Khaydarov — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Athletes exposed to the same external training stimulus adapt at different rates and to different degrees. Anthropometric somatotyping is widely used to describe the morphological dimension of this variability, but in applied practice the somatotype is still frequently read as a predictor of athletic potential rather than as one descriptor among several. This conceptual review reconstructs the scientific lineage through which the somatotype acquired its present meaning, and proposes a framework in which it is treated as one component of an integrative adaptive profile rather than as a standalone selection criterion. A narrative, non-systematic review of primary and secondary sources was conducted across four domains: classical and medieval constitutional medicine; twentieth-century constitutional typology; kinanthropometric somatotyping; and the physiology of stress and adaptation. Sources were analysed thematically to identify the question each tradition addressed and the level of analysis at which it operated. Six historical stages are distinguished, from Hippocratic constitutional reasoning to Selye's general adaptation syndrome. On this basis an eight-level cyclical model is proposed, in which intention and the anticipated result precede the motor act, and in which morphological, functional and psychological variables act as modulators between external load and internal response rather than as determinants of outcome. Within the model, the Heath–Carter somatotype occupies the morphological modulator position. The framework is theoretical and has not yet been tested empirically. Its practical value is expected to lie in multistage talent identification, individualisation of training load, adapted physical activity and Para sport, where a standardised external load produces markedly heterogeneous internal responses.