DETERMINATION OF TRANS FATTY ACID ISOMERS IN LOCAL RAW MILK BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Abstract
Trans fatty acids (trans isomers) are important lipid components in food products, and their impact on human health and significance from a food safety perspective are substantial. This study aims to identify and quantify the trans fatty acid isomers in a local raw milk sample using gas chromatography (GC-FID).
For analysis, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were prepared and analyzed using a high-polarity capillary column designed to separate cis and trans isomers. Chromatographic analysis identified two main trans isomers, which were identified based on their retention times: elaidic acid (C18:1 trans-9) - at 46.98 min and 1.547%, and linolelaidic acid (C18:2 trans) - at 48.28 min and 3.137%. The total trans fatty acid content was 4.684%.
The results obtained showed that the trans fatty acids in milk are primarily of natural origin and are associated with the biohydrogenation process that occurs in ruminant animals. The applied GC-FID method is characterized by high accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability in detecting trans isomers in complex food matrices. The research findings have significant scientific and practical importance for monitoring trans fatty acids in dairy products and for assessing food safety.
Keywords
Trans fatty acids; GC-FID; milk fat; fatty acid methyl esters; elaidic acid; linoelaidic acid; gas chromatography; food safety.How to Cite
References
Nagpal T., Sahu J.K., Khare S.K., Bashir K., Jan K. Trans fatty acids in food: A review on dietary intake, health impact, regulations and alternatives // Journal of Food Science. – 2021.
Food Labeling: Trans Fatty Acids in Nutrition Labeling, Nutrient Content Claims, and Health Claims // Federal Register. – 2003. – Vol. 68, No. 133. – P. 41434–41436.
Xu Y., Hsu M.-F., Haj F.G., Vahmani P. Effects of beef fat enriched with trans vaccenic acid and cis9, trans11-CLA on glucose homoeostasis and hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice // British Journal of Nutrition. – 2024. – Vol. 131. – P. 1975–1984.
Hatem O., Kaçar Ö.F., Kaçar H.K., Szentpéteri J.L., Marosvölgyi T., Szabó É. Trans isomeric fatty acids in human milk and their role in infant health and development // Frontiers in Nutrition. – 2024. – Vol. 11. – 1379772. – DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379772.
Pacheco-Pappenheim S., Yener S., Goselink R., Quintanilla-Carvajal M.X., van Valenberg H.J.F., Hettinga K. Bovine milk fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition and structure differ between early and late lactation influencing milk fat solid fat content // International Dairy Journal. – 2022. – Vol. 131. – 105370. – DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105370.
Composition and fatty acid profile of milk from cows fed diets supplemented with raw and n-3 PUFA-enriched fish oil // Scientific Reports. – 2024.
Fatty acids in milk and their analytical determination // PMC. – 2024.
Fatty Acid Profile of Milk – A Review // ResearchGate.
Oilseed Supplementation Improves Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow Milk: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression // ResearchGate.
Simionato J.I., Garcia J.C., dos Santos G.T., Oliveira C.C., Visentainer J.V., de Souza N.E. Validation of the determination of fatty acids in milk by gas chromatography // Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. – 2010. – Vol. 21, No. 3. – P. 520–524.
Novel method for quantification of individual free fatty acids in milk using an in-solution derivatisation approach and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry // Aarhus University.
Comparison of methylation methods for fatty acid analysis of milk fat // Food Chemistry. – 2018. – Vol. 261. – P. 210–215. – DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.053.
Direct Methylation Method for Quantification of Fatty Acids in Lyophilized Human Milk by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector // ResearchGate. – 2023.
Simulation of fatty acid peak profile on gas chromatography // Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.
Mechanisms of Action of Trans Fatty Acids // Advances in Nutrition. – 2020. – DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz125.
Minieri S., Sofi F., Mannelli F., Messini A., Piras S., Buccioni A. Milk and Conjugated Linoleic Acid: A Review of the Effects on Human Health // Topics in Clinical Nutrition. – 2020. – Vol. 35, No. 4. – P. 320–328.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Lobar Ravshanova, Bahodir Kholmurodov, Asalkhon Egamberganova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
